Potential Mechanisms of Acute Standing Balance Deficits After Concussions and Subconcussive Head Impacts: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Z. Qiao ◽  
Anthony Chen ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Blouin ◽  
Lyndia C. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Standing Balance ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Balance Deficits

scholarly journals Greater exposure to repetitive subconcussive head impacts is associated with vestibular dysfunction and balance impairments during walking

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (23 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S27.2-S27
Author(s):  
Fernando Santos ◽  
Jaclyn B Caccese ◽  
Mariana Gongora ◽  
Ian Sotnek ◽  
Elizabeth Kaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Vestibular Dysfunction ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Soccer Heading

Exposure to repetitive subconcussive head impacts (RSHI), specifically soccer heading, is associated with white matter microstructural changes and cognitive performance impairments. However, the effect of soccer heading exposure on vestibular processing and balance control during walking has not been studied. Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is a tool that can be used to probe the vestibular system during standing and walking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of soccer heading with subclinical balance deficits during walking. Twenty adult amateur soccer players (10 males and 10 females, 22.3 ± 4.5 years, 170.5 ± 9.8 cm, 70.0 ± 10.5 kg) walked along a foam walkway with the eyes closed under 2 conditions: with GVS (∼40 trials) and without GVS (∼40 trials). Outcome measures included mediolateral center-of-mass (COM), center-of-pressure (COP) separation, foot placement, mediolateral ankle modulation, hip adduction, and ankle push off. For each balance mechanism, a GVS response was calculated (GVS, mean [without GVS]). In addition, participants completed a questionnaire, reporting soccer heading exposure over the past year. A linear regression model was used to determine if vestibular processing and balance during walking were related to RSHI exposure. Both foot placement (R2 = 0.324, p = 0.009) and hip adduction (R2 = 0.183, p = 0.50) were predicted by RSHI; whereby, greater exposure to RSHI was associated with greater foot placement and hip adduction responses. However, COM-COP separation (R2 < 0.001, p = 0.927), ankle modulation (R2 = 0.037, p = 0.417), and push off (R2 < 0.001, p = 0.968) were not related to RSHI exposure. Individuals who were exposed to greater RSHI were more perturbed by vestibular stimulation during walking, suggesting that there may be vestibular dysfunction and balance impairments with frequent heading; specifically, individuals with greater exposure to RSHI responded with larger foot placement and hip adduction responses to GVS.

scholarly journals Three-Month Test-Retest Reliability of Center of Pressure Motion During Standing Balance in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Wajda ◽  
Robert W. Motl ◽  
Jacob J. Sosnoff
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Standing Balance ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Prevention Studies ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: Balance impairment and an increased rate of falls are commonly reported in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Force platform–generated center of pressure (COP) metrics have previously been recommended as an outcome measure to quantify balance deficits and distinguish between fallers and nonfallers in MS. Information is limited regarding the preservation of postural control in individuals with MS over extended time frames in the absence of an intervention. This report examines the test-retest reliability and magnitude of change of COP motion during standing balance over 3 months. Methods: Twenty individuals with MS and a history of falling underwent testing on two occasions 3 months apart in the absence of an intervention. On both occasions, participants completed two 30-second trials of three conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and eyes open with concurrent cognitive challenge (dual task). Measures of COP area, velocity, and temporal structure were calculated and included in the reliability analysis. Results: The COP metrics displayed fair-to-excellent reliability over 3 months without an intervention. Reliability was maintained across the three commonly used balance conditions. Conclusions: These results offer insight into the reliability of COP measures over a 3-month period in MS and can inform the use of COP metrics for future study design (eg, sample size estimates) and balance outcome assessment during randomized controlled trials and fall-prevention studies in individuals with MS.

scholarly journals Post-Drive Standing Balance of Vehicle Passengers Using Wearable Sensors: The Effect of On-Road Driving and Task Performance

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 4997
Author(s):  
Victor C. Le ◽  
Monica L. H. Jones ◽  
Kathleen H. Sienko
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Standing Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
Balance Exercises ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Postural sway has been demonstrated to increase following exposure to different types of motion. However, limited prior studies have investigated the relationship between exposure to normative on-road driving conditions and standing balance following the exposure. The purpose of this on-road study was to quantify the effect of vehicle motion and task performance on passengers’ post-drive standing balance performance. In this study, trunk-based kinematic data were captured while participants performed a series of balance exercises before and after an on-road driving session in real-time traffic. Postural sway for all balance exercises increased following the driving session. Performing a series of ecologically relevant visual-based tasks led to increases in most post-drive balance metrics such as sway position and velocity. However, the post-drive changes following the driving session with a task were not significantly different compared to changes observed following the driving session without a task. The post-drive standing balance performance changes observed in this study may increase vulnerable users’ risk of falling. Wearable sensors offer an opportunity to monitor postural sway following in-vehicle exposures.

The Toronto concussion study: a cross-sectional analysis of balance deficits following acute concussion in community-dwelling adults

Brain Injury ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Michelle Sweeny ◽  
Olinda Habib Perez ◽  
Elizabeth L. Inness ◽  
Cynthia Danells ◽  
Tharshini Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Sectional Analysis
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