Missing data occurs in all research, especially in medical studies. Missing data is the situation in which a part of research data has not been reported. This will result in the incompatibility of the sample and the population and misguided conclusions. Missing data is usual in research, and the extent of it will determine how misinterpreted the conclusions will be. All methods of parameter estimation and prediction models are based on the assumption that the data are complete. Extensive missing data will result in false predictions and increased bias. In the present study, a novel method has been proposed for the imputation of medical missing data. The method determines what algorithm is suitable for the imputation of missing data. To do so, a multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm was used. The algorithm imputes the missing data in a way that if a prediction model is applied to the data, both specificity and sensitivity will be optimized. Our proposed model was evaluated using real data of gastric cancer and acute T-cell leukemia (ATLL). First, the model was then used to impute the missing data. Then, the missing data were imputed using deletion, average, expectation maximization, MICE, and missForest methods. Finally, the prediction model was applied for both imputed datasets. The accuracy of the prediction model for the first and the second imputation methods was 0.5 and 16.5, respectively. The novel imputation method was more accurate than similar algorithms like expectation maximization and MICE.
Multi/Many-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Competition Mechanism
