scholarly journals ‘All things are in flux’: China in global science

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Marginson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Science System ◽  
National Network ◽  
Global Science ◽  
American Science ◽  
Science Funding ◽  
Network Building ◽  
National Science ◽  
Internationalisation Strategy ◽  
International Engagement

AbstractSince 1990, a large and dynamic global science system has evolved, based on grass roots collaboration, and resting on the resources, infrastructure and personnel housed by national science systems. Euro-American science systems have become intensively networked in a global duopoly; and many other countries have built national science systems, including a group of large- and middle-sized countries that follow semi-autonomous trajectories based on state investment, intensive national network building, and international engagement, without integrating tightly into the global duopoly. The dual global/national approach pursued by these systems, including China, South Korea, Iran and India, is not always fully understood in papers on science. Nevertheless, China is now the number two science country in the world, the largest producer of papers and number one in parts of STEM physical sciences. The paper investigates the remarkable evolution of China’s science funding, output, discipline balance, internationalisation strategy and national and global networking. China has combined global activity and the local/national building of science in positive sum manner, on the ground of the nationally nested science system. The paper also discusses limits of the achievement, noting that while China-US relations have been instrumental in building science, a partial decoupling is occurring and the future is unclear.

scholarly journals Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on the National Science System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Straus
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Science System ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Science ◽  
Research Sector ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Science

After using the 2020 developments of the COVID-19 vaccines as an example of successful cooperation between academia, industry and government for supporting research and translating its results into innovations assisted by patents, the article turns to the national science systems. First, it addresses the pioneering role of the 1945 “Science the Endless Frontier”, the Magna Carta of American Science and its patent policy. Retraced are the subsequent US developments revealing a gradual turn from incentivizing knowledge and technology transfer from government funded institutions to industry by allowing it only in the form of non-exclusive licenses, to imposing the public research sector an obligation to commercialize its research results by allowing exclusive licenses and assignments of intellectual property rights to private business. This all by recognizing and preserving academic freedom and inquiry. Next, it pays attention to developments in countries where legislators followed overall the US model. Finally, the contribution discusses the intellectual property rights system in the light of the specific needs of academic researchers.

scholarly journals Building a Reputation in Global Scientific Communication: A SWOT Analysis of Spanish Humanities Journals

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Bocanegra-Valle
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Scholarly Communication ◽  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Research Assessment ◽  
Science System ◽  
National Science

This paper analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOTs) faced by Spanish humanities journals and explores the role these journals play as tools for the transmission of research against a global academia. The dataset is comprised of the replies to twenty semi-structured surveys that were administered among ten editors of Spanish journals in the area of the humanities and ten Spanish humanities researchers with extensive publishing experience in national and international journals. Main findings are discussed in terms of internationality, predominance of English and Spanish as scientific languages, research assessment, visibility, credibility, quality assurance, editorial expertise or open access. Moreover, they point at far-reaching implications for both parties, compelled to seeking academic acceptance and researching credibility in today’s global scholarly communication while at the same time supporting the national science system through publication in national journals.

scholarly journals An ‘Exceedingly Delicate Undertaking’: Sino-American Science Diplomacy, 1966–78

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200941988827
Author(s):  
Pete Millwood
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Epistemic Community ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Global Science ◽  
American Science ◽  
Science Diplomacy ◽  
Us Government

In the early twentieth century, Chinese science flourished, buoyed by the country’s active connections to the global scientific community. No country developed deeper ties to Chinese scientists than the United States (US) – until cooperation ceased after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. This article examines efforts by American scientists to rebuild a relationship with their Chinese colleagues and to reintegrate China into global science. It traces how a transnational American organization – the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the PRC (CSCPRC) – initially failed but ultimately succeeded in extending the frontier of their epistemic community by reopening China to American scientists. Drawing on records from this non-governmental organization, interpolated with Chinese and US government sources, this article argues that the CSCPRC’s failures and successes depended on how effectively they adapted their scholarly initiative to changing US-China diplomatic ties. Scientists were not beholden to politics, however; indeed, they made a critical contribution to the development of Sino-American diplomacy, helping reestablish official relations in 1978. This article further reveals the transnational origins of China’s opening to the world and subsequent meteoric economic development, as well as the nexus between science and America’s historic ‘Open Door’ policy.

scholarly journals Political Science Funding Black Out in North America? Trends in Funding Should not be Ignored

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Plazek ◽  
Alan Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Political Science ◽  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Science Funding ◽  
National Science ◽  
One Year

AbstractRecent actions in Congress that threaten political science funding by the National Science Foundation (NSF) have caught the attention of political scientists, but this was not the first attack and not likely to be the last. Less than one year ago, the Harper government ended the Understanding Canada program, an important source of funding for academics in the United States and abroad. This article stresses the value of the program and the importance of this funding steam by demonstrating what the grants have done both more generally as well as for the authors individually. In addition, by looking at the political process that led to the end of the Understanding Canada program and the similarities in the attacks on NSF political science funding, this article identifies potential reasons why these funds were and are at risk. We conclude by arguing that normative action in support of political science is a necessity for all political scientists.

scholarly journals National Science Foundation to Rebalance Ocean Science Funding

Eos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Showstack
Keyword(s):  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Ocean Science ◽  
Science Funding ◽  
Ocean Sciences ◽  
National Science

In its response to a National Research Council survey on ocean sciences, the National Science Foundation has endorsed recommendations calling for a budgetary course correction.

scholarly journals The access network: Supporting the construction of social justice physics identities through student partnerships

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
Daniel Lee Reinholz ◽  
Adriana Corrales ◽  
Amelia Stone-Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
National Network ◽  
Predicting Success

This paper explores the intersections of Students as Partners (SaP) and identity development. While identity and sense of belonging are known to be key factors for predicting success and persistence in STEM, less is known about how student partnerships can provide space for students to develop their identities. To explore this space, we focus on the Access Network, a coalition funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of student-run programs that aims to improve equity in the physical sciences. Qualitative interviews with six student participants showed how SaP created opportunities for students to develop social justice physics identities, which allowed them to bridge traditional notions of what it means to be a physicist with their own social justice commitments. This paper contributes to the rapidly growing SaP literature by studying student partnerships at the scale of a national network of institutions, which contrasts studies that focus on more localized contexts, such as teaching and learning in a single classroom.

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