CDK4 and CDK6 kinases: From basic science to cancer therapy

Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), in complex with their cyclin partners, modulate the transition through phases of the cell division cycle. Cyclin D–CDK complexes are important in cancer progression, especially for certain types of breast cancer. Fassl et al . discuss advances in understanding the biology of cyclin D–CDK complexes that have led to new concepts about how drugs that target these complexes induce cancer cell cytostasis and suggest possible combinations to widen the types of cancer that can be treated. They also discuss progress in overcoming resistance to cyclin D–CDK inhibitors and their possible application to diseases beyond cancer. —GKA

CAṄKA ILAKKIYATTIL VĀṈIYAL [ASTRONOMY IN SANGAM LITERATURE]

Tamil science is the knowledge that has traditionally been developed, used and explained scientifically by Tamils. It also refers to the contribution that Tamil is making to science today. Tamil science is found in many fields such as linguistics, medicine, architecture, agriculture, biology, mathematics and astronomy. It is noteworthy that the Tamils ​​who had various technologies also had the basic science for it. Sangam literature is interspersed with versatile messages. Admired as world literature, it contains news from a variety of disciplines. It is known that the Sangam periodicals became versatile due to this. Many world scholars have studied and praised the astronomical news found by the Tamils. Tamils ​​refer to those who know astronomy as 'virgins'. Literary evidence also suggests that the computer predicts time with the motions of a planet orbiting in the sky. The literature is a testament to the fact that Tamils ​​are the ones who know the scientific method of measuring the planets and atmospheres of the sky, their movements and time scales. The Sangam poets knew that there were various planets and galaxies in the sky. News about the Sun, Earth, Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, Saturn, and the satellite Moon is found in the association songs. News about dental galaxies has also been reported in Sangam literature. It is also possible to know that the Tamils ​​who guided the polar fish at night knew the four directions during the day with the help of the sun.

Anaesthetic preconditioning and its role in protecting patients at risk of myocardial ischaemia

Ischaemic preconditioning is a phenomenon where prior minor ischaemic events allows organs to better withstand further episodes of ischaemia. Preconditioning downgrades the effects of ischaemia from necrosis to apoptosis to cell survival. It occurs in a wide variety of tissues, but it is most widely studied in the heart, and it occurs after a range of stimuli including hypoxia and the use of volatile anaesthetic agents. In this article, we look at the basic science, mechanisms, and potential uses of preconditioning.

Fostering achievement and retention in basic science using simulation and demonstration strategies

The study investigated the better strategy to use in fostering achievement and retention in Basic Science considering simulation and demonstration strategies. The study also compared the achievement as well as the retention of female and male students in basic science when exposed to simulation strategy. The research region is Kogi State's Ankpa Education Zone. A multistage sampling strategy was used to choose 120 Basic II students from four schools in the research region. The study used a quasi-experimental design. Data were analyzed using means and standard deviations, while ANCOVA was utilized to test the hypotheses. The study's results indicated that students taught using the simulation technique achieved considerably better mean achievement and retention scores in Basic Science than students taught using the demonstration strategy. Additionally, no significant difference in mean achievement scores between male and female students taught utilizing the simulation teaching technique was discovered. The research demonstrates a substantial difference in the mean retention scores of male and female students in Basic Science who are taught utilizing a simulation technique. Following the findings, it was suggested that Science teachers should use simulation strategy for the teaching of various topics in Basic Science to improve students’ achievement in Basic Science.