<p>The Yellow River Basin (795,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in Northern China has been greatly affected by intensive human activity and climate change over the past decades. In this study, a coupled atmospheric and hydrological modelling system is applied to investigating the long-term hydrological cycle and short-term forecasting of hydrological events in the Yellow River Basin. This modelling system (AHMS) combines a hydrological model (HMS) with the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) and the Noah land surface scheme (NoahMP-LSM), which has been recently improved to account for topographic influences in the infiltration scheme and to allow for interactions between the unsaturated and saturated zones by applying the Darcy-flux boundary condition. Here, simulations are performed using the offline AHMS mode over the Yellow River Basin by considering a time span of 25 years (1979-2003) and a spatial resolution of 20 km. The NCEP reanalysis dataset and observed precipitation data for the referred period are used as meteorological forcing data. The most important parameters affecting the hydrological process are identified by means of a parametric sensitivity analysis. Specifically, these main parameters are the Manning's roughness coefficient of channel, the soil infiltration capacity and the hydraulic conductivity of riverbed. To calibrate the values of these parameters for the Yellow River Basin, model predictions for daily streamflow are compared with the corresponding observational data at four hydrological gauging stations including Tangnaihe (TNH), Lanzhou (LZ), Toudaoguai (TDG) and Huanyuankou (HYK) on the mainstream of the Yellow River. Quantitative agreement is found between these observations and the simulation results for all stations. The progress achieved in the present work paves the way for a sediment flux model over the Yellow River Basin and demonstrates the good performance of AHMS for long-term hydrological simulations.&#160;</p><p></p>
Long-Term Changes in Fish Assemblage Structure in the Yellow River Estuary Ecosystem, China