Natural and anthropogenic dispersal of cyanobacteria: a review

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 847 (13) ◽  
pp. 2801-2822
Author(s):  
Emily Curren ◽  
Sandric Chee Yew Leong
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Dispersal

Size At Maturity and Sex Ratio of Arcitalitrus Dorrieni (Hunt, 1925) (Amphipoda, Talitridae) At Two Sites in County Galway, Ireland

Crustaceana ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-693
Author(s):  
Thomas Bolger ◽  
Rory P. O'Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Anthropogenic Dispersal ◽  
Deciduous Woodland

AbstractAnthropogenic dispersal has led to the introduction of several terrestrial amphipod species to the northern hemisphere. One such species, Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Hunt, 1925), a native of Australasia, is now found in several woodland sites in Ireland and Britain. Aspects of the biology of A. dorrieni were investigated in County Galway over a period of two years and compared between a "typical" mixed deciduous woodland habitat and a more "atypical" coniferous woodland habitat. At both sites, statistically significant differences were found between summer (Aug.-Sep.) size at maturity and winter (Jan.-Apr.) size at maturity, i.e., females were mature at smaller sizes in summer than in winter. Between-site comparisons of August-September data for both years showed that females were mature at a significantly smaller size at the mixed deciduous woodland site. A sex ratio biased in favour of females was recorded on all but one sampling date at each site, though on some dates this bias was not significant. The change in cohort sex ratio at both sites was quite distinct and exhibited the same general pattern. During the recruitment of each cohort, the ratio was biased towards males. As the cohort increased in length, however, the ratio changed to a bias in favour of females, so that by the time a particular cohort entered its breeding period the following year, it was biased firmly in favour of females. Possible reasons for the observed patterns are discussed.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Dispersal of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the Americas: A Plausible Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Célio de Almeida Marzochi ◽  
Keyla Belizia Feldman Marzochi ◽  
Aline Fagundes ◽  
Armando de Oliveira Schubach ◽  
Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Anthropogenic Dispersal ◽  
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Plausible Hypothesis ◽  
American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rubber Boom ◽  
Human Infections

There are several gaps in our knowledge on the origin and spread of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, an etiological agent of cutaneous and mucocutaneous or American tegumentary leishmaniasis, to different biomes, hosts, and vectors, with important epidemiological implications, including the possible existence of an anthroponotic component. Historical, biological, and epidemiological evidence suggests that Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and its variants were preexistent in Amazonia with great genetic variability, where they dispersed with less variability to other regions (clonal expansion). During pre-Columbian times the parasite may have been transported by migrating humans and probably also their dogs, from western Amazonia to the high inter-Andean valleys and from there to other regions of South America. The same thing could have happened later, in the same way, when it spread to non-Amazonian regions of Brazil and other countries of South and Central America, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the so-called Rubber Boom and construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway in the Brazilian Amazon, by migrant workers who later returned to their places of origin, transporting the agent. The parasite’s dispersal in genetic correlated clusters, involving unexpectedly distinct ecosystems in Brazil (Amazonian, Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes), has continued until the present through human displacement. The infection of certain species of domestic, synanthropic and even wild animals, could be secondary to anthropogenic introduction of L. (V.) braziliensis in new environments. We admit the same phenomena happening in the probable transference of Leishmania infantum (visceral leishmaniasis), and of Yersinia pestis (plague) from the Old world to the New world, generating domestic and wild enzotic cycles from these agents. These assumptions associated with human infections, chronicity and parasite persistence with possibility of recovery of Leishmania in peripheral blood, skin and scars of cured or asymptomatic patients, (that may provide an alternative blood meal), along with the sand flies’ adaptation to the peri-domicile and the high susceptibility of domestic dogs, horses, mules and cats to the parasite, can reinforce the evidence of anthropogenic spread of L. (V.) braziliensis.

First fossil representative of the salamander crown-group from a Gondwanan continent:Pleurodeles cf. waltl from the Quaternary of Morocco

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Stoetzel ◽  
Salvador Bailon ◽  
Jean-Claude Rage
Keyword(s):  
Crown Group ◽  
Anthropogenic Dispersal

AbstractNo fossil belonging to the Caudata crown-group has been hitherto described from a former Gondwanan continent. We report the first known extinct member of the caudate crown-clade from Africa, i.e. a Gondwanan territory. It belongs to the Recent genus Pleurodeles (Salamandridae) and is referred to as Pleurodeles cf. waltl. The fossils come from the Pleistocene of Morocco. They show that Pleurodeles (likely P. waltl) has been present in Africa for at least two million years and that anthropogenic dispersal is not the cause of its presence in this continent.

scholarly journals Research article, Biological Sciences - Anthropology, Genetics Of cats and men: the paleogenetic history of the dispersal of cats in the ancient world

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Ottoni ◽  
Wim Van Neer ◽  
Bea De Cupere ◽  
Julien Daligault ◽  
Silvia Guimaraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Near East ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Anthropogenic Dispersal ◽  
Domestication Process

AbstractThe origin and dispersal of the domestic cat remain elusive despite its importance to human societies around the world. Archaeological evidence for domestication centers in the Near East and in Egypt is contested, and genetic data on modern cats show that Felis silvestris lybica, the subspecies of wild cat inhabiting at present the Near East and Northern Africa, is the only ancestor of the domestic cat. Here we provide the first broad geographic and chronological dataset of ancient cat mtDNA sequences, drawing on archaeological specimens from across western Eurasia and northern and eastern Africa, dating from throughout the Holocene and spanning ~9,000 years. We characterized the ancient phylogeography of F. s. lybica, showing that it expanded up to southeastern Europe prior to the Neolithic, and reconstructed the subsequent movements that profoundly transformed its distribution and shaped its early cultural history. We found that maternal lineages from both the Near East and Egypt contributed to the gene pool of the domestic cat at different historical times, with the Near Eastern population providing the first major contribution during the Neolithic and the Egyptian cat spreading efficiently across the Old World during the Classical period. This expansion pattern and range suggest dispersal along maritime and terrestrial routes of trade and connectivity. Late trait selection is suggested by the first occurrence in our dataset of the major allele for blotched-tabby body marking not earlier than during the Late Middle Ages.SignificanceThe cat has long been important to human societies as a pest-control agent, object of symbolic value, and companion animal, but little is known about its domestication process and early anthropogenic dispersal. Our DNA analyses of geographically and temporally widespread archaeological cat remains show that while the cat’s world-wide conquest began in prehistoric times, when tamed cats accompanied humans on their journeys over land and sea, it gained momentum during the Classical period, when the Egyptian cat successfully spread throughout the ancient world. The appearance of a new coat pattern at the end of the Middle Ages suggests late breeding control that might explain the semi-domestic status of the cat. This distinguishes the domestication process of cats from that of most other domesticates.

scholarly journals Evolution of New Zealand's Marine Caddisflies: A Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Assessment of the Chathamiidae (Insecta: Trichoptera)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexander Peter Boast
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Anthropogenic Dispersal ◽  
Island Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
Gene Coi ◽  
Major Haplogroups

<p><b>The Chathamiidae are an interesting family of caddisflies, unusual as all of the five known species are believed to breed entirely within the marine intertidal, comprising one of very few known marine insect groups. Additionally the family approaches almost complete endemicity status in New Zealand, and may represent an ancient lineage representative of ancient vicariance from Gondwana. However one species, the common and widespread Philanisus plebeius is also known to have a disjunct population in New South Wales Australia, hypothesised to represent a recent anthropogenic dispersal. This thesis, using DNA information, examined the Chathamiidae at varying phylogenetic levels.</b></p> <p>Firstly the species Philanisus plebeius was incorporated into a thorough intraspecific phylogeography, including samples from both New Zealand and Australia. The population as a whole was genetically diverse, with the population divisible into two major haplogroups, each restricted to discrete geographic areas with no overlap being observed. One of these groups was restricted to just two localities in the central eastern North Island, whereas the remainder included most remaining samples from both Islands of New Zealand, and also Australia. All Australian samples were found to comprise a single haplotype, differing by a single base pair from the most common haplotype in New Zealand. It was decided that the Australian population therefore represents a recent dispersal event from New Zealand, although unless the Australian haplotype remains undiscovered in New Zealand the level of divergence found is not congruent with a human introduction. One sequence intermediate between the two major haplogroups was identified from a single haplotype from Tauranga. It seemed that much of the population of Philanisus plebeius has been affected by recent demographic expansion, likely due to the effects of the last glacial maximum (LGM).</p> <p>The five species of the Chathamiidae were then analysed in a phylogeny. It was found that the genus Chathamia was polyphyletic, with the species C. integripennis nested within the genus Philanisus. The remaining species, C. brevipennis from the Chatham Islands, was basal to all the remaining members of the family. A strict molecular clock found a recent Pleistocene age (roughly 0.5 Ma) for divergence of the Kermadec Island species Philanisus fasciatus, and a Pliocene-Pleistocene age (roughly 3 Ma) for the Chatham Island species Chathamia brevipennis. For a comparison with the species C. brevipennis, the other Chatham Island caddisfly taxa Oecetis chathamensis, and Hydrobiosis lindsayi were compared with New Zealand relatives; indicated to have late and early Pleistocene ages respectively. A short sequence of the gene COI was amplified for the species Philanisus mataua, however this was found to contain two sequences reflecting either heteroplasmy or sample contamination, inhibiting confident phylogenetic placement. Additionally a larval sample from Sydney was demonstrated to represent C. integripennis, recorded outside of Northern New Zealand for the first time. Finally the Chathamiidae was included in a higher level phylogeny with related families, and was show to comprise a monophyletic group, sister to the Australasian family of the Conoesucidae. A relaxed molecular clock estimated a Cretaceous (roughly 90 Ma) age for the Chathamiidae, congruent with a vicariant age in New Zealand.</p>

scholarly journals Evolution of New Zealand's Marine Caddisflies: A Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Assessment of the Chathamiidae (Insecta: Trichoptera)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexander Peter Boast
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Anthropogenic Dispersal ◽  
Island Species ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
Gene Coi ◽  
Major Haplogroups

<p><b>The Chathamiidae are an interesting family of caddisflies, unusual as all of the five known species are believed to breed entirely within the marine intertidal, comprising one of very few known marine insect groups. Additionally the family approaches almost complete endemicity status in New Zealand, and may represent an ancient lineage representative of ancient vicariance from Gondwana. However one species, the common and widespread Philanisus plebeius is also known to have a disjunct population in New South Wales Australia, hypothesised to represent a recent anthropogenic dispersal. This thesis, using DNA information, examined the Chathamiidae at varying phylogenetic levels.</b></p> <p>Firstly the species Philanisus plebeius was incorporated into a thorough intraspecific phylogeography, including samples from both New Zealand and Australia. The population as a whole was genetically diverse, with the population divisible into two major haplogroups, each restricted to discrete geographic areas with no overlap being observed. One of these groups was restricted to just two localities in the central eastern North Island, whereas the remainder included most remaining samples from both Islands of New Zealand, and also Australia. All Australian samples were found to comprise a single haplotype, differing by a single base pair from the most common haplotype in New Zealand. It was decided that the Australian population therefore represents a recent dispersal event from New Zealand, although unless the Australian haplotype remains undiscovered in New Zealand the level of divergence found is not congruent with a human introduction. One sequence intermediate between the two major haplogroups was identified from a single haplotype from Tauranga. It seemed that much of the population of Philanisus plebeius has been affected by recent demographic expansion, likely due to the effects of the last glacial maximum (LGM).</p> <p>The five species of the Chathamiidae were then analysed in a phylogeny. It was found that the genus Chathamia was polyphyletic, with the species C. integripennis nested within the genus Philanisus. The remaining species, C. brevipennis from the Chatham Islands, was basal to all the remaining members of the family. A strict molecular clock found a recent Pleistocene age (roughly 0.5 Ma) for divergence of the Kermadec Island species Philanisus fasciatus, and a Pliocene-Pleistocene age (roughly 3 Ma) for the Chatham Island species Chathamia brevipennis. For a comparison with the species C. brevipennis, the other Chatham Island caddisfly taxa Oecetis chathamensis, and Hydrobiosis lindsayi were compared with New Zealand relatives; indicated to have late and early Pleistocene ages respectively. A short sequence of the gene COI was amplified for the species Philanisus mataua, however this was found to contain two sequences reflecting either heteroplasmy or sample contamination, inhibiting confident phylogenetic placement. Additionally a larval sample from Sydney was demonstrated to represent C. integripennis, recorded outside of Northern New Zealand for the first time. Finally the Chathamiidae was included in a higher level phylogeny with related families, and was show to comprise a monophyletic group, sister to the Australasian family of the Conoesucidae. A relaxed molecular clock estimated a Cretaceous (roughly 90 Ma) age for the Chathamiidae, congruent with a vicariant age in New Zealand.</p>

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