Sources and Transport of Urban and Biomass Burning Aerosol Black Carbon at the South–West Atlantic Coast

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Evangelista ◽  
J. Maldonado ◽  
R. H. M. Godoi ◽  
E. B. Pereira ◽  
D. Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol

scholarly journals Distribution of saltmarsh plant communities associated with environmental factors along a latitudinal gradient on the south-west Atlantic coast

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Isacch ◽  
C. S. B. Costa ◽  
L. Rodriguez-Gallego ◽  
D. Conde ◽  
M. Escapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
South West

scholarly journals Parameterization of single-scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) with EC / OC for aerosol emissions from biomass burning

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 9549-9561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudra P. Pokhrel ◽  
Nick L. Wagner ◽  
Justin M. Langridge ◽  
Daniel A. Lack ◽  
Thilina Jayarathne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Single Scattering Albedo ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Brown Carbon ◽  
Pearson's R ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol ◽  
Pearson’S R

Abstract. Single-scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) are two critical parameters in determining the impact of absorbing aerosol on the Earth's radiative balance. Aerosol emitted by biomass burning represent a significant fraction of absorbing aerosol globally, but it remains difficult to accurately predict SSA and AAE for biomass burning aerosol. Black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), and non-absorbing coatings all make substantial contributions to the absorption coefficient of biomass burning aerosol. SSA and AAE cannot be directly predicted based on fuel type because they depend strongly on burn conditions. It has been suggested that SSA can be effectively parameterized via the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of a biomass burning event and that this would be useful because emission factors for CO and CO2, from which MCE can be calculated, are available for a large number of fuels. Here we demonstrate, with data from the FLAME-4 experiment, that for a wide variety of globally relevant biomass fuels, over a range of combustion conditions, parameterizations of SSA and AAE based on the elemental carbon (EC) to organic carbon (OC) mass ratio are quantitatively superior to parameterizations based on MCE. We show that the EC ∕ OC ratio and the ratio of EC ∕ (EC + OC) both have significantly better correlations with SSA than MCE. Furthermore, the relationship of EC ∕ (EC + OC) with SSA is linear. These improved parameterizations are significant because, similar to MCE, emission factors for EC (or black carbon) and OC are available for a wide range of biomass fuels. Fitting SSA with MCE yields correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) of  ∼  0.65 at the visible wavelengths of 405, 532, and 660 nm while fitting SSA with EC / OC or EC / (EC + OC) yields a Pearson's r of 0.94–0.97 at these same wavelengths. The strong correlation coefficient at 405 nm (r =  0.97) suggests that parameterizations based on EC / OC or EC / (EC + OC) have good predictive capabilities even for fuels in which brown carbon absorption is significant. Notably, these parameterizations are effective for emissions from Indonesian peat, which have very little black carbon but significant brown carbon (SSA  =  0.990 ± 0.001 at 532 and 660 nm, SSA  =  0.937 ± 0.011 at 405 nm). Finally, we demonstrate that our parameterization based on EC / (EC + OC) accurately predicts SSA during the first few hours of plume aging with data from Yokelson et al. (2009) gathered during a biomass burning event in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico.

scholarly journals Unexpected Biomass Burning Aerosol Absorption Enhancement Explained by Black Carbon Mixing State

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrielle Denjean ◽  
Joel Brito ◽  
Quentin Libois ◽  
Marc Mallet ◽  
Thierry Bourrianne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Absorption Enhancement ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Aerosol Absorption ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol

scholarly journals The effect of South American biomass burning aerosol emissions on the regional climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 5321-5342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian D. Thornhill ◽  
Claire L. Ryder ◽  
Eleanor J. Highwood ◽  
Len C. Shaffrey ◽  
Ben T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Peak Biomass ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. The impact of biomass burning aerosol (BBA) on the regional climate in South America is assessed using 30-year simulations with a global atmosphere-only configuration of the Met Office Unified Model. We compare two simulations of high and low emissions of biomass burning aerosol based on realistic interannual variability. The aerosol scheme in the model has hygroscopic growth and optical properties for BBA informed by recent observations, including those from the recent South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) intensive aircraft observations made during September 2012. We find that the difference in the September (peak biomass emissions month) BBA optical depth between a simulation with high emissions and a simulation with low emissions corresponds well to the difference in the BBA emissions between the two simulations, with a 71.6 % reduction from high to low emissions for both the BBA emissions and the BB AOD in the region with maximum emissions (defined by a box of extent 5–25∘ S, 40–70∘ W, used for calculating mean values given below). The cloud cover at all altitudes in the region of greatest BBA difference is reduced as a result of the semi-direct effect, by heating of the atmosphere by the BBA and changes in the atmospheric stability and surface fluxes. Within the BBA layer the cloud is reduced by burn-off, while the higher cloud changes appear to be responding to stability changes. The boundary layer is reduced in height and stabilized by increased BBA, resulting in reduced deep convection and reduced cloud cover at heights of 9–14 km, above the layer of BBA. Despite the decrease in cloud fraction, September downwelling clear-sky and all-sky shortwave radiation at the surface is reduced for higher emissions by 13.77 ± 0.39 W m−2 (clear-sky) and 7.37 ± 2.29 W m−2 (all-sky), whilst the upwelling shortwave radiation at the top of atmosphere is increased in clear sky by 3.32 ± 0.09 W m−2, but decreased by -1.36±1.67 W m−2 when cloud changes are included. Shortwave heating rates increase in the aerosol layer by 18 % in the high emissions case. The mean surface temperature is reduced by 0.14 ± 0.24 ∘C and mean precipitation is reduced by 14.5 % in the peak biomass region due to both changes in cloud cover and cloud microphysical properties. If the increase in BBA occurs in a particularly dry year, the resulting reduction in precipitation may exacerbate the drought. The position of the South Atlantic high pressure is slightly altered by the presence of increased BBA, and the strength of the southward low-level jet to the east of the Andes is increased. There is some evidence that some impacts of increased BBA persist through the transition into the monsoon, particularly in precipitation, but the differences are only statistically significant in some small regions in November. This study therefore provides an insight into how variability in deforestation, realized through variability in biomass burning emissions, may contribute to the South American climate, and consequently on the possible impacts of future changes in BBA emissions.

scholarly journals A Satellite Data Based Detailed Study of the Aerosol Emitted from Open Biomass Burning in Northeast China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1700
Author(s):  
Shuaiyi Shi ◽  
Yanjun Ma ◽  
Fangwen Bao ◽  
Faisal Mumtaz
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Aerosol Particle Size ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol

Due to its unique natural conditions and agricultural tradition, northeast China (NEC) has formed a distinctive open biomass burning habit with local-specific biomass burning aerosol features. In this research, with the help of a newly optimized biomass burning aerosol identification method, which combines satellite aerosol and fire observational products with the HYSPLIT model forward trajectories, a systematic and quantitative analysis of aerosol emitted from open biomass burning in the NEC region are conducted to determine in detail its local-specific features, such as influence region, aging characteristics, and seasonal variation. During the 72-h aging process after biomass burning emission, aerosol particle size growth found with the Angstrom exponent declines from 1.6 to 1.54. Additionally, the volume fraction of black carbon decreases from 4.5% to 3.1%, leading to the Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) increasing from the fresh state of 0.84 to the aged state of 0.89. The cooling effect at TOA, due to the existence of aerosol, is enhanced by more than 70%, indicating its severe and dynamic influence on climate change. The average AOD in spring is 0.63, which is higher than autumn’s value of 0.52, indicating that biomass burning is more intensive in spring. Compared to autumn, aerosols emitted from spring biomass burning in the NEC region have lower sphere fraction, smaller particle size, higher volume fraction of black carbon, higher absorbability, and weaker cooling effect at TOA, which can be partly explained by the drier ambient environment and lower water content of the burned crop straw in spring.

scholarly journals Above Cloud Aerosol Optical Depth from airborne observations in the South-East Atlantic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel E. LeBlanc ◽  
Jens Redemann ◽  
Connor Flynn ◽  
Kristina Pistone ◽  
Meloë Kacenelenbogen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
The South ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Biomass Burning Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Plume

Abstract. The South-East Atlantic (SEA) is host to a climatologically significant biomass burning aerosol layer overlying marine stratocumulus. We present directly measured Above Cloud Aerosol Optical Depth (ACAOD) from the recent ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) airborne field campaign during August and September 2016. In our analysis, we use data from the Spectrometers for Sky-Scanning Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research (4STAR) instrument and found an average ACAOD of 0.32 at 501 nm, with an average Ångström exponent (AE) of 1.71. The AE is much lower at 1.25 for the full column (including below cloud level aerosol), indicating the presence of large aerosol particles, likely marine aerosol, embedded within the vertical column. ACAOD is observed to be highest near coast at about 12° S, whereas its variability is largest at the southern edge of the average aerosol plume, as indicated by 12 years of MODIS observations. In comparison to MODIS derived ACAOD and long term fine-mode plume-average AOD, the directly-measured ACAOD from 4STAR is slightly lower than the ACAOD product from MODIS. The peak ACAOD expected from long term retrievals is measured to be closer to coast in 2016 at about 1.5°–4° W. By spatially binning the sampled AOD, we obtain a mean ACAOD of 0.37 for the SEA region. Vertical profiles of AOD showcase the variability of the altitude of the aerosol plume and its separation from cloud top. We measured larger AOD at high altitude near coast than farther from coast, while generally observing a larger vertical gap further from coast. Changes of AOD with altitude are correlated with a gas tracer of the biomass burning aerosol plume. Vertical extent of gaps between aerosol and cloud show a large distribution of extent, dominated by near zero gap. The gap distribution with longitude is observed to be largest at about 7° W, farther from coast than expected.

scholarly journals Characterisation of African biomass burning plumes and impacts on the atmospheric composition over the South-West Indian Ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Verreyken ◽  
Crist Amelynck ◽  
Jérôme Brioude ◽  
Jean-François Müller ◽  
Niels Schoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The South ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
South West Indian Ocean ◽  
South West ◽  
West Indian Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. We present an investigation of biomass burning (BB) plumes originating from Africa and Madagascar based on measurements of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained during the dry season of 2018 and 2019 at the high altitude Maïdo observatory (21.1° S, 55.4° E, 2250 m above sea level), located on the remote island of La Réunion in the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO). Biomass burning plume episodes were identified from increased acetonitrile (CH3CN) mixing ratios. Enhancement ratios (EnRs) – relative to CO – were calculated from in situ measurements for CH3CN, acetone (CH3COCH3), formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), benzene (C6H6), methanol (CH3OH) and O3. We compared the EnRs to emission ratios (ERs) – relative to CO – reported in literature in order to estimate loss/production of these compounds during transport. For CH3CN and CH3COOH, the calculated EnRs are similar to the ERs. For C6H6 and CH3OH, the EnR is lower than the ER, indicating a significant net sinks of these compounds. For CH3COCH3 and HCOOH, the calculated EnRs are larger than the ERs. The discrepancy reaches an order of magnitude for HCOOH (18–34 pptv ppbv−1 compared to 1.8–4.5 pptv ppbv−1). This points to significant secondary production of HCOOH during transport. The Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) global model simulations reproduces well the temporal variation of CO mixing ratios at the observatory but underestimates O3 and NO2 mixing ratios in the plumes on average by 16 ppbv and 60 pptv respectively. This discrepancy between modelled and measured O3 mixing ratios was attributed to (i) large uncertainties in VOC and NOx (NO + NO2) emissions due to BB in CAMS and (ii) misrepresentation of NOx recycling in the model during transport. Finally, transport of pyrogenically emitted CO is calculated with FLEXPART in order to (i) determine the mean plume age during the intrusions at the observatory and (ii) estimate the impact of BB on the pristine marine boundary layer (MBL). By multiplying the excess CO in the MBL with inferred EnRs at the observatory, we calculated the expected impact of BB on CH3CN, CH3COCH3, CH3OH and C6H6 concentrations in the MBL. These excesses constitute increases of ~ 20 %–150 % compared to background measurements in the SWIO MBL reported in literature.

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