The Interplay Between Interpersonal Stress and Psychological Intimate Partner Violence Over Time for Young At-Risk Couples

IntroductionInadequately spaced pregnancies, defined as pregnancies fewer than 18 months apart, are linked to maternal, infant, and child morbidity and mortality, and adverse social, educational and economic outcomes in later life for women and children. Quantifying the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV) and women’s ability to space and time their pregnancies is an important part of understanding the burden of disease related to IPV.MethodsWe applied Cox proportional hazards models to monthly data from the Demographic and Health Surveys’ Reproductive Health Calendar to compare interpregnancy intervals for women who experienced physical, sexual and/or emotional IPV in 29 countries. We conducted a one-stage meta-analysis to identify the periods when women who experienced IPV were at the highest risk of unintended and incident pregnancy, and a two-stage meta-analysis to explore cross-country variations in the magnitude of the relation between women’s experience of IPV and pregnancy spacing.ResultsFor the one-stage analysis, considering 52 959 incident pregnancies from 90 446 women, which represented 232 394 person-years at risk, women’s experience of IPV was associated with a 51% increase in the risk of pregnancy (95% CI 1.38 to 1.66), although this association decreased over time. When limiting our inference to unintended pregnancies that resulted in live births, women’s experience of IPV was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of unintended pregnancy (95% CI 1.25 to 1.34; n=13 541 pregnancies, 92 848 women, 310 319 person-years at risk). In the two-stage meta-analyses, women’s experience of IPV was associated with a 13% increase in the probability of incident pregnancy (95% CI 1.07 to 1.20) and a 28% increase in the likelihood of unintended pregnancy (95% CI 1.19 to 1.38).ConclusionsAcross countries, women’s experience of IPV is associated with a reduction in time between pregnancies and an increase in the risk of unintended pregnancy; the magnitude of this effect varied by country and over time.

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The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence on Relationship Satisfaction Over Time for Young At-Risk Couples: The Moderating Role of Observed Negative and Positive Affect

Partner Abuse ◽

10.1891/1946-6560.1.2.131 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 131-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Joann Wu Shortt ◽

Deborah M. Capaldi ◽

Hyoun K. Kim ◽

Heidemarie K. Laurent

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Relationship Satisfaction ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Model Average ◽

Over Time

In the current study, the moderating effects of observed negative and positive affects on the association between intimate partner violence (IPV, physical aggression) and relationship satisfaction were examined over a 5-year period. Multiwave data were obtained from a sample of young adult men at risk for delinquency and their women partners (n = 121 couples; ages 21–26 years). The trajectory of each partner’s relationship satisfaction and the effects of dyadic IPV and affect were tested using HLM analyses and a two-level (within-couple and between-couple) dyadic growth model. Average levels of dyadic positive affect were associated with relationship satisfaction for both men and women. For men, increases in couples’ positive affect over time were linked to increases in relationship satisfaction, and increases in couples’ externalizing negative affect were linked to decreases in satisfaction. For women, higher levels of couples’ IPV predicted lower levels of satisfaction. Couples’ internalizing negative affect amplified the effects of IPV on satisfaction over time. Increases in IPV were associated with declines in satisfaction for couples with high levels of internalizing negative affect. Conversely, average levels of externalizing negative affect did not amplify the association between IPV and relationship satisfaction. In fact, the adverse influence of IPV on relationship satisfaction was greater for couples who displayed low levels of externalizing negative affect. Because of the inverse association between externalizing negative affect and relationship satisfaction, these findings were interpreted to suggest that the salience of IPV was greater in couples whose relationship satisfaction was not already impaired by high levels of negative affect.

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Factors Distinguishing Reciprocal Versus Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence Across Time and Reporter

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211001475 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110014

Author(s):

Doris F. Pu ◽

Christina M. Rodriguez ◽

Marina D. Dimperio

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Transition To Parenthood ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Self Report ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Couple Functioning ◽

Female Perpetrators ◽

Over Time

Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is often conceptualized as occurring unilaterally, reciprocal or bidirectional violence is actually the most prevalent form of IPV. The current study assessed physical IPV experiences in couples and evaluated risk and protective factors that may be differentially associated with reciprocal and nonreciprocal IPV concurrently and over time. As part of a multi-wave longitudinal study, women and men reported on the frequency of their IPV perpetration and victimization three times across the transition to parenthood. Participants also reported on risk factors related to personal adjustment, psychosocial resources, attitudes toward gender role egalitarianism, and sociodemographic characteristics at each wave. Participants were classified into one of four IPV groups (reciprocal violence, male perpetrators only, female perpetrators only, and no violence) based on their self-report and based on a combined report, which incorporated both partners’ reports of IPV for a maximum estimate of violence. Women and men were analyzed separately, as both can be perpetrators and/or victims of IPV. Cross-sectional analyses using self-reported IPV data indicated that IPV groups were most consistently distinguished by their levels of couple satisfaction, across gender; psychological distress also appeared to differentiate IPV groups, although somewhat less consistently. When combined reports of IPV were used, sociodemographic risk markers (i.e., age, income, and education) in addition to couple functioning were among the most robust factors differentiating IPV groups concurrently, across gender. In longitudinal analyses, sociodemographic vulnerabilities were again among the most consistent factors differentiating subsequent IPV groups over time. Several gender differences were also found, suggesting that different risk factors (e.g., women’s social support and men’s emotion regulation abilities) may need to be targeted in interventions to identify, prevent, and treat IPV among women and men.

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Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Stability & Change in Sibling Aggression Over Time

Journal of Child and Family Studies ◽

10.1007/s10826-021-01910-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 650-662

Author(s):

Caroline C. Piotrowski ◽

Margherita Cameranesi

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Sibling Aggression ◽

Stability Change ◽

Over Time

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Multimethod prediction of child abuse risk in an at-risk sample of male intimate partner violence offenders

Child Abuse & Neglect ◽

10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 ◽

pp. 27-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Christina M. Rodriguez ◽

Enrique Gracia ◽

Marisol Lila

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Child Abuse ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Child Abuse Risk ◽

Abuse Risk

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The Transtheoretical Model in Intimate Partner Violence Victimization: Stage Changes Over Time

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.23.4.411 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 411-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Kelly H. Burkitt ◽

Gregory L. Larkin

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Transtheoretical Model ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Cluster Solution ◽

Community Resources ◽

Process Of Change ◽

Cluster Membership ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

The transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM) has been extended to describe the process of change in victims of intimate partner violence (IPV); however, it has not been validated over time or in a population of women experiencing IPV who are not currently in shelter. This article examines the process of change in IPV victims longitudinally and identifies factors that may relate to staging and stage progression. Fifty-three women were enrolled on presentation to an emergency department for health care treatment and completed follow-up at 3 to 4 months. Measures of TTM staging, use of community resources, ongoing abuse, mental health, and social support were collected. Cluster analyses were conducted, and descriptive summaries of clusters and significant demographic, abuse, and outcome variables related to cluster membership are presented. A five-cluster solution was selected on the basis of parsimony, theory, and overall coherence with the data. Forward progression through the stages over time was related to both the use of community resources and ending the IPV relationship.

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The Study Approach and Methodology

Women, Intimate Partner Violence, and the Law ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190071783.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 10-30

Author(s):

Heather Douglas

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Legal System ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Study Approach ◽

Over Time

The chapter outlines the approach and methodology of the study that underpins this book. This study draws on interviews with 65 women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and interacted with the legal system. The women were interviewed on three occasions over a 3-year period to understand how their experiences of law changed over time. This chapter also describes the characteristics of the women who took part in the study and the limitations of the study. It provides an overview of previous studies that have interviewed people over time and considers the choice of language used in this book.

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Evaluation of an Intimate Partner Violence Training for Home Visitors Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Health Promotion Practice ◽

10.1177/1524839917728050 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 194-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christiaan G. Abildso ◽

Angela Dyer ◽

Alfgeir L. Kristjansson ◽

Michael J. Mann ◽

Thomas Bias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽

Planned Behavior ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Home Visiting ◽

The United States ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Home Visitors ◽

The Impact

Introduction. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue with recent intervention focus by home visiting programs with at-risk families in the United States. Home visitors are typically required to assess IPV but feel unprepared to do so and desire training. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of a daylong IPV training on the intention to enact three key IPV behaviors (screening, making referrals, and safety planning) using the theory of planned behavior. Method. Survey of 125 home visitors in West Virginia was conducted before and after a daylong IPV training. Results. The IPV training had a positive impact on intention to perform the three behaviors of interest, with the greatest impact on the intention to conduct IPV screenings. Discussion. Results provide important preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of professional development as a means of increasing intentions to conduct activities related to IPV. The impact on IPV screening intention is promising because screening is the first step in addressing IPV. Conclusion. The IPV training proved beneficial in increasing intentions and such trainings should be expanded, but further study is needed to link intentions to subsequent behaviors to address IPV with at-risk families.

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Longitudinal Correlates of Maternal Involvement and Spanking in Spanish-speaking Latinas Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520958630 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052095863

Author(s):

Sara F. Stein ◽

Kaitlin Prakken ◽

Andrew C. Grogan-Kaylor ◽

Maria M. Galano ◽

Hannah M. Clark ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Maternal Employment ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Physical Punishment ◽

Maternal Involvement ◽

Spanish Speaking ◽

Over Time

Mothers experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) have been found to have negative long-term parenting outcomes, such as reduced maternal involvement and greater use of physical punishment, which represent potential pathways by which IPV negatively affects children. Factors influencing these parenting practices have not been examined in IPV-exposed Latinas. The aim of this study is to understand the factors that affect maternal involvement and spanking by Latinas to contribute to culturally-informed intervention development and refinement. A total of 93 Spanish-speaking Latinas who had experienced IPV completed standardized measures of maternal involvement, spanking, IPV, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS) and provided demographic information. Slightly over half of the women participated in an intervention program. Longitudinal multilevel modeling (MLM) demonstrated that higher levels of maternal depression predicted lower levels of involvement over time. PTS reexperiencing symptoms were positively related to involvement, such that mothers with higher levels of reexperiencing reported higher levels of involvement. An independent longitudinal MLM revealed that higher amounts of IPV exposure and higher levels of PTS arousal symptoms were associated with higher levels of spanking, while maternal employment was associated with lower levels of this same parenting behavior. Maternal involvement increased over time, where there was no significant change in spanking over time, and no effect of the intervention program on either parenting practice. Results suggest clinical interventions should target reductions in depression and specific PTS symptom subdomains as pathways to improving parenting in IPV-exposed Latinas. Continued study is needed to understand the relationship between reexperiencing and maternal involvement.

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