scholarly journals Trustworthy simulations and their epistemic hierarchy

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mättig
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Target System ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Epistemic Dependence

AbstractWe analyze the usage of computer simulation at the LHC and derive seven jointly necessary requirements for a simulation to be considered ’trustworthy’, such that it can be used as proxy for experiments. We show that these requirements can also be applied to systems without direct experimental access and discuss their validity for properties that have not yet been probed. While being necessary, these requirements are not sufficient. Such trustworthy simulations will be analyzed for the relative epistemic statuses of simulation and material measurements, from which we argue that claims of their parity are unfounded. Instead, using credibility as a measure for epistemic status, and in view of the temporal and epistemic dependence of simulation on material measurements, we argue that the latter have a higher epistemic status than the former. We further argue that suggestions to qualify the epistemic status by ’defocussing’ on the material connection to the target system of either human or natural experiments are misleading.

Lines of Demarcation: Causation, Design-Based Inference, and Historical Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 952-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Kocher ◽  
Nuno P. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
Social Scientific

Qualitative historical knowledge is essential for validating natural experiments. Specifically, the validity of a natural experiment depends on the historical processes of treatment assignment and administration, including broader macro-historical dynamics. But if validating a natural experiment requires trust in the ability of qualitative evidence to establish the causal processes through which the data were generated, there is no good reason for natural experiments to be considered epistemically superior to historical research. To the contrary, the epistemic status of natural experiments is on a par with that of the historical research on which their validation depends. They are two modes of social-scientific explanation, each with its own pros and cons; neither is privileged. We illustrate this argument by re-examining an important recent contribution to the literature on violent conflict: Ferwerda and Miller’s 2014 natural experiment estimating the causal effect of the German decision to devolve authority to the Vichy French government on violent resistance during World War II.

scholarly journals A Formal Framework for Computer Simulations: Surveying the Historical Record and Finding Their Philosophical Roots

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Durán
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Target System ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior

AbstractA chronicled approach to the notion of computer simulations shows that there are two predominant interpretations in the specialized literature. According to the first interpretation, computer simulations are techniques for finding the set of solutions to a mathematical model. I call this first interpretation the problem-solving technique viewpoint (PST). In its second interpretation, computer simulations are considered to describe patterns of behavior of a target system. I call this second interpretation the description of patterns of behavior viewpoint of computer simulations (DPB). This article explores these two interpretations of computer simulations from three different angles. First, I collect a series of definitions of computer simulation from the historical record. I track back definitions to the early 1960s and show how each viewpoint shares similar interpretations of computer simulations—ultimately clustering into the two viewpoints aforementioned. This reconstruction also includes the most recent literature. Second, I unpack the philosophical assumptions behind each viewpoint, with a special emphasis on their differences. Third, I discuss the philosophical implications of each viewpoint in the context of the recent discussion on the logic of scientific explanation for computer simulations.

scholarly journals МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ ШТАМПУВАННЯ ОПУКЛОГО КУТНИКА ЗГИНАННЯМ-ФОРМУВАННЯМ ПЕРЕДАВАЛЬНИМ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕМ

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
О. М. Застела
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Variational Method ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Flexible Surface ◽  
Deformed State ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Computer simulation allows you to monitor the load of material and its behavior in the course of molds, to determine the energy parameters of the process, to reflect the kinematics of the tool movement, the transmitting agent and the workpiece itself. This provides a significant reduction in time and expenses for natural experiments, in general, a significant decrease in the volumes of technological preparation of stamping works. The indicated method is most suitable for improving modern stamping production using transmitting environments. For numerical experiments in the punching region of billets from the sheet, the most acceptable variational method or ICE is the most acceptable. This approach provides minimal discrepancy between the results of natural and numerical experiments. Its is widely used in various programmates Nastran, Ansys, Katy, etc., which allows you to optimize the process of receiving data reduction in time, quickly edit to all sorts of changes on deformation conditions. During the process of shaping the convex corner there are significant changes in geometry related to corrugated formation on the collateral part of the workpiece. For this reason, the approach to the formation of a mesh sampling for the MSE calculations have the features of methods of use in the size of the breakdown elements, in particular for the transmitting medium and the leaf workpiece, the size of the elements small, and for equipping can be selected large, except the flexible surface. The construction of the mathematical model based on the ITS allows not only to determine the necessary parameters of the process, but also to consider the process of shapes in individual stages, to determine the painting of a stress-deformed state, to identify the most dangerous zones of bending-stamping, changing the thickness of the material, and trace the behavior of the material after unloading . All this makes it possible to evaluate the quality of the resulting product according to the specified parameters of the process, as well as the desired results by varying the initial parameters of the model.

Characterization of Modulated Structure Through Structure Images and their Computer Simulation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Kiyomichi Nakai ◽  
Yusuke Isobe ◽  
Chiken Kinoshita ◽  
Kazutoshi Shinohara
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Transmitted Beam ◽  
Modulated Structure ◽  
Resolution Electron

Induced spinodal decomposition under electron irradiation in a Ni-Au alloy has been investigated with respect to its basic mechanism and confirmed to be caused by the relaxation of coherent strain associated with modulated structure. Modulation of white-dots on structure images of modulated structure due to high-resolution electron microscopy is reduced with irradiation. In this paper the atom arrangement of the modulated structure is confirmed with computer simulation on the structure images, and the relaxation of the coherent strain is concluded to be due to the reduction of phase-modulation.Structure images of three-dimensional modulated structure along <100> were taken with the JEM-4000EX high-resolution electron microscope at the HVEM Laboratory, Kyushu University. The transmitted beam and four 200 reflections with their satellites from the modulated structure in an fee Ni-30.0at%Au alloy under illumination of 400keV electrons were used for the structure images under a condition of the spherical aberration constant of the objective lens, Cs = 1mm, the divergence of the beam, α = 3 × 10-4 rad, underfocus, Δf ≃ -50nm and specimen thickness, t ≃ 15nm. The CIHRTEM code was used for the simulation of the structure image.

Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Roslyn Gleadow ◽  
Jim Hanan ◽  
Alan Dorin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

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