A Trade-Friendly Environment?: Newly Reconstructed Indian Summer Monsoon Wind Stress Curl Data for the Third Millennium BCE and Their Potential Implications Concerning the Development of Early Bronze Age Trans-Arabian Sea Maritime Trade

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W. Schneider ◽  
Emily C. Gill ◽  
Balaji Rajagopalan ◽  
Guillermo Algaze
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Wind Stress ◽  
Indian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Wind Stress Curl ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
Monsoon Wind

The Early Bronze Age in Southeastern Anatolia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tuba Ökse
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bce

This article presents data on the Early Bronze Age (EBA) of southeastern Anatolia. The EBA chronology of southeastern Anatolia is parallel to northern Syrian chronologies. The traditional EBA I-III chronology of Anatolia is based on the Tarsus sequence and the EBA I-IV chronology of northwestern Syria on the Amuq and Tell Mardikh sequences. The distribution of ceramic groups and special vessel types reflects geographical and chronological differences throughout the third millennium BCE. The relative chronologies of geographical zones and individual periods are based mainly on ceramic distributions; absolute dates obtained from radiocarbon analyses are rare.

scholarly journals From monsoon to marine productivity in the Arabian Sea: insights from glacial and interglacial climates

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 759-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Le Mézo ◽  
Luc Beaufort ◽  
Laurent Bopp ◽  
Pascale Braconnot ◽  
Masa Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Wind Stress ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
Ekman Pumping ◽  
Wind Stress Curl ◽  
Jet Axis

Abstract. The current-climate Indian monsoon is known to boost biological productivity in the Arabian Sea. This paradigm has been extensively used to reconstruct past monsoon variability from palaeo-proxies indicative of changes in surface productivity. Here, we test this paradigm by simulating changes in marine primary productivity for eight contrasted climates from the last glacial–interglacial cycle. We show that there is no straightforward correlation between boreal summer productivity of the Arabian Sea and summer monsoon strength across the different simulated climates. Locally, productivity is fuelled by nutrient supply driven by Ekman dynamics. Upward transport of nutrients is modulated by a combination of alongshore wind stress intensity, which drives coastal upwelling, and by a positive wind stress curl to the west of the jet axis resulting in upward Ekman pumping. To the east of the jet axis there is however a strong downward Ekman pumping due to a negative wind stress curl. Consequently, changes in coastal alongshore stress and/or curl depend on both the jet intensity and position. The jet position is constrained by the Indian summer monsoon pattern, which in turn is influenced by the astronomical parameters and the ice sheet cover. The astronomical parameters are indeed shown to impact wind stress intensity in the Arabian Sea through large-scale changes in the meridional gradient of upper-tropospheric temperature. However, both the astronomical parameters and the ice sheets affect the pattern of wind stress curl through the position of the sea level depression barycentre over the monsoon region (20–150° W, 30° S–60° N). The combined changes in monsoon intensity and pattern lead to some higher glacial productivity during the summer season, in agreement with some palaeo-productivity reconstructions.

Ilipinar: A Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Marmara Region

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Roodenberg
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
Fourth Millennium Bce ◽  
Early Byzantine

This article discusses findings from excavations at Ilıpınar, whose environment was advantageous for an economy based on crop cultivation and stock breeding. Founded at the start of the sixth millennium BCE as a settlement with a handful of houses centered around a spring, it gradually expanded into a village covering one hectare until it was deserted 500 years later. Afterward the mound was used as a burial ground in the second quarter of the fourth millennium BCE (Late Chalcolithic), the second quarter of the third millennium BCE (Early Bronze Age), and in the sixth–seventh centuries CE (Early Byzantine). Moreover there were traces of ephemeral habitation during these intervals. The total occupation deposit measured more than seven meters, the total surface nearly three hectares.

scholarly journals From Monsoon to marine productivity in the Arabian Sea: insights from glacial and interglacial climates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Le Mézo ◽  
Luc Beaufort ◽  
Laurent Bopp ◽  
Pascale Braconnot ◽  
Masa Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Wind Stress ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
Wind Stress Curl ◽  
Orbital Parameters ◽  
Monsoon Variability ◽  
Monsoon Intensity

Abstract. The Indian monsoon is known to boost biological productivity in the Arabian Sea. This paradigm has been extensively used to reconstruct past monsoon variability from paleo-proxies indicative of changes in surface productivity. Here, we test this paradigm by simulating changes in marine primary productivity for 8 contrasted climates from the last glacial-interglacial cycle. We show that there is no straightforward correlation between boreal summer productivity of the western and central Arabian Sea and summer monsoon strength across the different simulated climates. Locally, productivity is fueled by nutrient supply driven by Ekman dynamics depending on both wind stress and wind stress curl. In our simulations, a stronger monsoon with intensified wind stress on the Arabian Sea can lead to either increased or reduced productivity depending on the exact ocean surface on which increased wind stress and a positive wind stress curl are acting. The effects of winds onto the ocean are modulated by the Indian summer monsoon intensity and pattern (e.g. position of the low-level jet over the Arabian Sea), which in turn are driven by the orbital parameters and the ice sheet cover. The orbital parameters are indeed shown to impact wind stress intensity in the Arabian Sea through large scale changes in the meridional gradient of upper tropospheric temperature. But both the orbital parameters and the ice sheets affects the pattern of wind stress curl through the position of the sea level depression barycentre over the monsoon region (20° W–150° W, 30° S–60° N). The combined changes in monsoon intensity and pattern lead to higher glacial productivity during the summer season, in agreement with some paleo-productivity reconstructions.

The Early Bronze Age on the Plateau

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Steadman
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Interregional Trade ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chalcolithic Period ◽  
Third Millennium Bce

This article presents data on the Early Bronze Age (EBA) of the Anatolian plateau. The EBA on the plateau has been identified as a period of “urbanization,” or at least the age in which complex society emerged, including the rise of an extensive trade network, established by the second half of the third millennium BCE. Chalcolithic period interregional trade with regions as far afield as Transcaucasia and possibly southeastern Europe was strengthened by connections ranging across the plateau, stretching into the Aegean, and southeastward to northern Mesopotamia and beyond. Monumental architecture appears, and metallurgy not only serves to change the utilitarian household assemblage but also becomes an important indicator of wealth and social position.

Two Early Helladic II terracotta rollers from Asine and their glyptic context

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Michael Lindblom ◽  
Gullög Nordquist ◽  
Hans Mommsen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
Archaeological Perspective

Two Early Helladic II terracotta rollers from the Third Terrace at Asine are presented. The objects, used to impress relief decoration on pithoi and hearths, are unique in that no other examples are known from the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Their origin is discussed based on chemical characterization and their depositional contexts are reviewed from an archaeological perspective. Although there are no known impressions from these rollers on pithoi and hearths at Asine, it is shown that their owners surrounded themselves with different objects featuring similar glyptic impressions. Two such impressions find identical parallels at Tiryns and the combined evidence strongly suggest that Asine was the home for one or several potters who produced Early Helladic impressed hearths and pithoi.

Dairy Queen. Churns and milk products in the Aegean Bronze Age

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah P. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Near East ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The Third ◽  
Household Processing

This article assembles examples of an unusual vessel found in domestic contexts of the Early Bronze Age around the Aegean and in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identified as a “barrel vessel” by the excavators of Troy, Lesbos (Thermi), Lemnos (Poliochni), and various sites in the Chalkidike, the shape finds its best parallels in containers identified as churns in the Chalcolithic Levant, and related vessels from the Eneolithic Balkans. Levantine parallels also exist in miniature form, as in the Aegean at Troy, Thermi, and Poliochni, and appear as part of votive figures in the Near East. My interpretation of their use and development will consider how they compare to similar shapes in the archaeological record, especially in Aegean prehistory, and what possible transregional relationships they may express along with their specific function as household processing vessels for dairy products during the third millennium BC.

Empire—A World History

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-88
Author(s):  
Peter Fibiger Bang
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
World History ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
Four Discourses

This chapter attempts a synthesis of the imperial experience in world history. Setting out from an in-depth comparison of two incidents, one from the US occupation of Iraq, the other from the Jewish uprising against Nero (66–70 CE), cooperation with local elites is identified as the key to imperial government. The chapter proceeds to discuss current definitions of empire, followed by a wide-ranging survey of modern theories of empire. Most of these can be grouped within four discourses that originate in societal debates from the early 1900s: about monopoly, capitalism and empire; about empire as predatory networks of aristocratic elites; about empire and national identity; and about geopolitics and the balance of power. These four theoretical discourses provide the four dimensions of an analytical matrix that, finally, structure an attempt at synthesizing the imperial experience in world history, from the third millennium BCE Levantine Bronze Age until the present.

Influence of the Arabian Sea on the Indian summer monsoon

Tellus ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Ghosh ◽  
M. C. Pant ◽  
B. N. Dewan
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Indian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Arabian Sea

scholarly journals On the Detection of Onset and Activity of the Indian Summer Monsoon Using GPS RO Refractivity Profiles

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 2096-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. M. Jagannadha Rao ◽  
M. Venkat Ratnam ◽  
Y. Durga Santhi ◽  
M. Roja Raman ◽  
M. Rajeevan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Indian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Monsoon Onset ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Good Relation ◽  
Onset Phase

Abstract Global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data available during 2001–10 have been used to examine the variations in the refractivity during the onset of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) over the east Arabian Sea (5°–15°N, 65°–75°E). An enhancement of 5–10 N-units in the refractivity is observed around 4.8 km (~600 hPa) a few days (9.23 ± 3.6 days) before onset of the monsoon over Kerala, India. This is attributed to moisture buildup over the Arabian Sea during the monsoon onset phase. A sudden increase (1.5–2 K) in mean upper-tropospheric temperature at the time of onset and during the active phase of the monsoon is attributed to convective activity and the release of latent heat. On the day of monsoon onset over Kerala, an appreciable dip in the refractivity is observed that persisted for 1–3 days followed by an enhancement in refractivity with the active phase of the monsoon. An arbitrary value of 128 N-units difference between 4.8 km (~600 hPa) and 16 km (~100 hPa) coupled with a dip in refractivity on the day of monsoon arrival might give an indication of clear transition of atmospheric conditions and the detection of monsoon onset. Further, a good relation is also found between the activity of monsoon and variability in the refractivity.

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