scholarly journals Do historical maps show the maximal anthropopressure in the Carpathians?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Sobala
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Cadastral Maps ◽  
Land Use Structure ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Historical Land Use ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractMany landscapes bear the marks of historical land use. These marks can be the basis for a reconstruction of a historical land use structure as some of them are typical of different types of human activity. The aim of this paper is to determine whether Austrian cadastral maps from the 19th century present the image of the most transformed environment in the Western Carpathians as a result of agricultural activity. Land use structure and terrain forms were detected based on Austrian cadastral maps from 1848, airborne laser scanning and field studies. In two of the test areas, the percentage of arable fields was higher among the plots with stone mounds than the percentage among the plots without them. In the third test area, the relationship was reversed. Also, lynchets, terraces and stone walls sometimes occur in plots that were not arable fields in 1848. Thus, the Austrian cadastral maps from 1848 could not reflect the maximal range of arable fields in the Carpathians in the 19th century. However, it is impossible to determine the historical structure of land use precisely. Nevertheless, an inventory of terrain forms can be used to assess land use when historical maps have not preserved or when available maps do not present land use in detail.

scholarly journals Forest soil charcoal and historical land use

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pille Tomson ◽  
Tanel Kaart ◽  
Kalev Sepp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Slash And Burn ◽  
Soil Charcoal ◽  
Cadastral Maps ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Historical Land Use ◽  
Study Sites

Charcoal deposits in forest soils have been considered mainly in the context of wildfires. However, slash-and-burn cultivation has been widespread in Northern Europe until the beginning of the 20th century and extensive areas of former swiddens are now covered by forests. The study sites were in Karula National Park in Southern Estonia. 19th-century cadastral maps were used to identify the historical land use. Macroscopic (visible) charcoal was studied in 57 soil pits, located in historical slash-and-burn sites, forests, former arable fields, recent forest fire sites, and experimental slash-and-burn fields. The locations of charcoal in the soil profile were recorded. In four sites, the charcoal samples were dated. Charcoal is widespread in boreal forest soils. A considerable proportion of this could originate from historical slash-and-burn cultivation. The charcoal depth was related to agricultural land use duration and methods at different intensities. The location of the charcoal-rich layer reflected the historical cultivation best, though patchy spatial distribution and the evident translocation of charcoal from different fire events complicates the interpretation of the charcoal pattern. Not all translocation mechanisms have yet been explained.

scholarly journals Nesonim Dugi otok

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Vlado Skračić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Dugi otok is the only large inhabited Adriatic island both with a name composed of two words, with a Croatian name and with a noun island (Croat. otok) in it. Almost all of the linguists and historians agree that the island was first mentioned by Constantine the Porphyrogenitus (10th cent.) as Pizych, which can nowadays be recognised in place names Čuh and Čuh Polje on Dugi otok near Proversa. By the disappearance of that settlement the name was forgotten, but none of the names of newly founded settlements did not became the nesonym, as frequently occurred elsewhere in Croatian nesonymy. In the archival documents and historical maps the island is usually identified by the Romance compound word: geographical term insula/isola + determinant Magna, Maiori, Grossa, Grande, Longa. The island was named Dugi only in the latter half of the 19th century. Neither the nesonym Dugi otok, the ethnic Dugootočanin nor the ktetic dugootočki are used outside the official usage.

scholarly journals Runoff processes and land use changes in the upper reaches of the Krupá river catchment during the last 70 years

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
R. Pavelková Chmelová ◽  
B. Šarapatka ◽  
M. Dumbrovský ◽  
P. Pavka
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Cadastral Maps ◽  
Left Tributary ◽  
Morava River

In this paper, the authors summarise the land use changes in the upper reaches of the Krupá river catchment, which is a left tributary of the Morava River. During last 70 years, the catchment was exposed to many important historical events that have been inscribed in the physique of the landscape in a very interesting way. The land use changes, which occurred during the last eight decades in the subcatchment of the Krupá river basin, have been analysed using historical maps, cadastral maps, and both historical and recent aerial photographs of the area. The next step is to estimate, through the CN method and DesQ hydrological model, how the runoff processes in the Krupá River catchment could be influenced by the land use changes.

Language policies in the Kingdom of Hawai‘i

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-148
Author(s):  
Rubén Fernández Asensio
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Linguistic Imperialism ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Land Use Rights

This paper develops Tove Skutnabb-Kangas’ concept of linguicism by distinguishing an effectuative stage and a reproductive stage of linguistic inequality. The effectuative stage is described by inference and compared with Robert Phillipson’s theory of linguistic imperialism, and it is suggested that both frameworks are still missing empirical validation for the claim that language inequality may create other forms of inequality, and that such validation should come from historical data. To demonstrate this, language policies in the Kingdom of Hawai‘i during the 19th century are examined, with emphasis on the interpretation of bilingual statutory law, along with a number of judicial rulings. These are then related to changes in the economic sphere and the interaction is demonstrated in the curtailing of customary land use rights. The new concept of non-discriminatory linguicism is introduced to describe the presence of linguicist ideologies without concomitant discriminatory practices as a key feature of the effectuative stage of linguicism, and a new definition of linguicism is proposed.

Recent acidification and biological changes in Lilla Öresjön, southwest Sweden, and the relation to atmospheric pollution and land-use history

1990 ◽  
Vol 327 (1240) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century

Palaeolimnological techniques were used to study the recent acidification history of Lilia Oresjon in southwest Sweden, and its relation to the deposition of airborne pollutants and land-use. The sediment analyses suggest that water quality began to deteriorate at the beginning of the 20th century and resulted in an acute acidification phase in the 1960s. An indifferent (circumneutral) diatom flora with some planktonic taxa was replaced by a non-planktonic acidophilous and acidobiontic flora; diatom inferred pH decreased from 6.1 in the 19th century to the present value of about 4.6. The history of acidification and of major biological change in the lake is reinforced by the analyses of chrysophyte scales and cladocera and chironomid remains, which show that alterations of species composition and an impoverishment of faunal communities took place. There is close stratigraphic agreement between these biological changes and indicators of the deposition of atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu and S increased from the beginning of the 19th century to peak values during the 1960s and 1970s. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and ‘hard’ isothermal remanence, indicative of oil and coal combustion, peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. The increased deposition of airborne pollutants from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes is suggested as the main cause of the acidification of the lake, although vegetation changes, such as a recent expansion of spruce-pine forest, have also occurred during the 200—300 year period studied.

scholarly journals At the Crossroads of European Landscape Changes: Major Processes of Landscape Change in Czechia since the Middle of the 19th Century and Their Driving Forces

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Lucie Kupková ◽  
Ivan Bičík ◽  
Leoš Jeleček
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Key Events ◽  
The 19Th Century

Changes in the cultural landscape provide essential evidence about the manner and intensity of the interactions between humans and nature. Czechia has a specific location in Central Europe. It is positioned at the crossroads of European landscape changes. These changes can be documented based on a unique database that shows the development of land use since the middle of the 19th century. In this study, we aimed to address the major processes of landscape change that occurred during four periods over the past 165 years, at the cadastral level on the territory of present-day Czechia. Further we identify and discuss proximate and underlying driving forces of the landscape changes. We used land use data from the year 1845, 1896, 1948, 1990, and 2010 that correspond to key events in Czech history. The major processes and intensity of landscape change were evaluated based on calculations of increases and decreases in land use classes between the first and last year of each examined period. The period 1845–1896 was the only period in which arable land increased, and the most recent period, 1990–2010, was the only period during which a grassing over process was recorded. Afforestation was recorded in all periods. The communist period was characterized by unified changes—urbanization, afforestation, arable land decrease, and landscape devastation. The post-communist period was, in some respects, beneficial to the landscape (e.g., grassing over and afforestation, particularly in mountain areas), but it also led to negative processes, such as strong urbanization and land abandonment. Such changes lead to landscape polarization. The landscape changes in Czechia during the period 1845–2010 reflect many important historical events in Europe. In our analysis, we demonstrate the essential impact of underlying drivers and also identify driving forces specific to the development of the Czech territory.

Urban horticulture.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Geoffriau ◽  
P. Cannovo ◽  
L. Beaudet ◽  
G. Galopin ◽  
E. Chantoiseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Horticulture

Abstract At the beginning of the 19th century Heinrich von Thunen developed a model on agricultural land usage. The model generated four concentric rings of agricultural activity with dairy and intensive farming being closest to the city centre. The use of a piece of land is affected by the physical potentialities of the soil, but mainly depends on the cost of transport to market. Dairy and intensive farming are closest to the city centre since vegetables, fruit, milk and other dairy products must get to the market quickly. This is one reason for the development of peri-urban vegetable farms in the 19th century that produced high value products with high perishability. Due to its intensive character and important role for feeding people, horticulture in and around the city is widespread and its development is growing in relation to increasing city sizes. Cities of the developing world are somewhat more advanced in the development of multifunctional urban horticulture, as described by de Bon et al. (2015), but very diverse new forms are emerging in Northern hemisphere countries. One challenge of urban production is to produce safe food in an urban, often-polluted environment. In this article, following a description of urban horticulture, some main components are discussed in relation to current concerns and evolutions: the diverse cropping systems and the business models associated with that form of horticulture; the provided ecosystem services; the evolution of technologies in relation with soil and product quality; the diversity of crops; economic values and organizational forms.

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