Neuroprotective Effect of Endogenous Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide on Spinal Cord Injury

Background Electroconvulsion therapy is likely to serve as an effective preconditioning stimulus for inducing tolerance to ischemic brain injury. The current study examines whether electrical stimuli on the spinal cord is also capable of inducing tolerance to ischemic spinal cord injury by transient aortic occlusion. Methods Spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta in combination with maintaining systemic hypotension (40 mmHg) during the procedure. Animals implanted with epidural electrodes were divided into four groups according to electrical stimulation and sham. Two groups consisted of rapid preconditioning (RE group, n = 8) and sham procedure (RC group, n = 8) 30 min before 9 min of spinal cord ischemia. In the two groups that underwent delayed preconditioning, rats were exposed to 9 min of aortic occlusion 24 h after either pretreatment with epidural electrical stimulation (DE group, n = 8) or sham (DC group, n = 8). In addition, rats were exposed to 6-11 min of spinal cord ischemia at 30 min or 24 h after epidural electrical stimulation or sham stimulation. The group P50 represents the duration of spinal cord ischemia associated with 50% probability of resultant paraplegia. Results Pretreatment with electrical stimulation in the DE group but not the RE group protected the spinal cord against ischemia, and this stimulation prolonged the P50 by approximately 15.0% in the DE group compared with the DC group. Conclusions Although the optimal setting for this electrical preconditioning should be determined in future studies, the results suggest that epidural electrical stimulation will be a useful approach to provide spinal protection against ischemia.

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Lack of adenylate cyclase 1 (AC1): Consequences on corticospinal tract development and on locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1549 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Nait Taleb Ali ◽

M.P. Morel ◽

M. Doulazmi ◽

S. Scotto-Lomassese ◽

P. Gaspar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Adenylate Cyclase ◽

Corticospinal Tract ◽

Locomotor Recovery ◽

Cord Injury

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Neuroprotective Effect of Vaccination with Autoantigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells After Spinal Cord Injury

Journal of Surgical Research ◽

10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.066 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 176 (1) ◽

pp. 281-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yufu Wang ◽

Ke Wang ◽

Rui Chao ◽

Jing Li ◽

Lei Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Cord Injury

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Neuroprotective Effect of Moderate Epidural Hypothermia After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spine ◽

10.1097/brs.0b013e31818018f6 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (19) ◽

pp. 2059-2065 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Kee-Yong Ha ◽

Young-Hoon Kim

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Cord Injury

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Tamoxifen Promotes Axonal Preservation and Gait Locomotion Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Cats

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/9561968 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Braniff de la Torre Valdovinos ◽

Judith Marcela Duenas Jimenez ◽

Ismael Jimenez Estrada ◽

Jacinto Banuelos Pineda ◽

Nancy Elizabeth Franco Rodriguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Normal Values ◽

Angular Displacement ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Ventral Horn ◽

Tamoxifen Treatment ◽

Myelinated Axons ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Hindlimb Kinematics

We performed experiments in cats with a spinal cord penetrating hemisection at T13-L1 level, with and without tamoxifen treatment. The results showed that the numbers of the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral horn neurons were reduced to less than half in the nontreated animals compared with the treated ones. Also, axons myelin sheet was preserved to almost normal values in treated cats. On the contrary, in the untreated animals, their myelin sheet was reduced to 28% at 30 days after injury (DAI), in both the ipsilateral and contralateral regions of the spinal cord. Additionally, we made hindlimb kinematics experiments to study the effects of tamoxifen on cat locomotion after the injury: at 4, 16, and 30 DAI. We observed that the ipsilateral hindlimb angular displacement (AD) of the pendulum-like movements (PLM) during gait locomotion was recovered to almost normal values in treated cats. Contralateral PLM acquired similar values to those obtained in intact cats. At 4 DAI, untreated animals showed a compensatory increment of PLM occurring in the contralateral hindlimb, which was partially recovered at 30 DAI. Our findings indicate that tamoxifen exerts a neuroprotective effect and preserves or produces myelinated axons, which could benefit the locomotion recovery in injured cats.

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