Heat Loss Analysis of Flow Boiling Experiments Onboard International Space Station with Unclear Thermal Environmental Conditions (1st Report: Subcooled Liquid Flow Conditions at Test Section Inlet)

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Inoue ◽  
Haruhiko Ohta ◽  
Yuuki Toyoshima ◽  
Hitoshi Asano ◽  
Osamu Kawanami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Subcooled Liquid ◽  
International Space ◽  
Loss Analysis

Heat Loss Analysis of Flamelets in Near-Limit Spread Over Solid Fuel Surfaces

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Vance ◽  
Indrek S. Wichman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
Parabolic Shape ◽  
Flame Sheet ◽  
Surface Decomposition

Abstract The profile of a spreading flamelet is analyzed by examining the heat losses to surrounding surfaces. The study addresses the reasons why flamelets have shapes ranging from round hemispherical “caps” to flat “coin-like” discs. A parabolic shape profile is used for the thin flame sheet, which provides both flame length and flame curvature. A third parameter specifies the height of the flame from the surface beneath it. Radiation and conduction heat losses from the flame sheet are calculated for various flame shapes. Overall heat losses as well as heat losses to the surface beneath the flamelet are examined. Some of the heat “losses” are misnamed because they produce the necessary surface decomposition for subsequent gaseous flame fuel vapors. Strictly, then, “losses” do not contribute appreciably to the maintenance of the flame. Physical arguments are made to explain observed flame spread behavior and flame shapes in response to prevailing flow and environmental conditions.

Dose Tracker Application for Collecting Medication Use Data from International Space Station Crew

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia. E. Wotring ◽  
LaRona K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
International Space ◽  
Flight Data ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Share Data ◽  
Usability Feedback

INTRODUCTION: There are knowledge gaps in spaceflight pharmacology with insufficient in-flight data to inform future planning. This effort directly addressed in-mission medication use and also informed open questions regarding spaceflight-associated changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or pharmacodynamics (PD).METHODS: An iOS application was designed to collect medication use information relevant for research from volunteer astronaut crewmembers: medication name, dose, dosing frequency, indication, perceived efficacy, and side effects. Leveraging the limited medication choices aboard allowed a streamlined questionnaire. There were 24 subjects approved for participation.RESULTS: Six crewmembers completed flight data collection and five completed ground data collection before NASA’s early study discontinuation. There were 5766 medication use entries, averaging 20.6 ± 8.4 entries per subject per flight week. Types of medications and their indications were similar to previous reports, with sleep disturbances and muscle/joint pain as primary drivers. Two subjects treated prolonged skin problems. Subjects also used the application in unanticipated ways: to note drug tolerance testing or medication holiday per research protocols, and to share data with flight surgeons. Subjects also provided usability feedback on application design and implementation.DISCUSSION: The volume of data collected (20.6 ± 8.4 entries per subject per flight week) is much greater than was collected previously (<12 per person per entire mission), despite user criticisms regarding app usability. It seems likely that improvements in a software-based questionnaire application could result in a robust data collection tool that astronauts find more acceptable, while simultaneously providing researchers and clinicians with useful data.Wotring VE, Smith LK. Dose tracker application for collecting medication use data from International Space Station crew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(1):41–45.

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