Is increased sensitivity to punishment a common characteristic of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? An experimental study of response allocation in Japanese children

IntroductionThe goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the fundamentals of perceptual timing deficits, that is, difficulties with estimating durations of explicitly attended temporal intervals, in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whereas these deficits were repeatedly demonstrated in laboratory studies using computer-based timing tasks, we will additionally implement a more practical task reflecting real-life activity. In doing so, the research questions of the planned study follow a hierarchically structured path ‘from lab to life’: Are the timing abilities of children with ADHD really disturbed both in the range of milliseconds and in the range of seconds? What causes these deficits? Do children with ADHD rather display a global perceptual timing deficit, or do different ‘timing types’ exist? Are timing deficits present during real-life activities as well, and are they based on the same mechanisms as in computerised tasks?Methods and analysesA quasi-experimental study with two groups of male children aged 8–12 years (ADHD; controls) and with a cross-sectional design will be used to address our research questions. Statistical analyses of the dependent variables will comprise (repeated) measures analyses of variance, stepwise multiple regression analyses and latent class models. With an estimated dropout rate of 25%, power analysis indicated a sample size of 140 subjects (70 ADHD, 70 controls) to detect medium effect sizes.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock. Results will be disseminated to researcher, clinician and patient communities in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences, at a meeting of the local ADHD competence network and on our web page which will summarise the study results in an easily comprehensible manner.Trial registration numberDRKS00015760

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Stress-Induced Drinking in Parents of Boys with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Heterogeneous Groups in an Experimental Study of Adult-Child Interactions

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology ◽

10.1007/s10802-013-9735-y ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 919-927 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Todd B. Kashdan ◽

Leah M. Adams ◽

Evan M. Kleiman ◽

William E. Pelham ◽

Alan R. Lang

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Adult Child ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Heterogeneous Groups

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Outpatient screening of Japanese children with epilepsy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD)

Brain and Development ◽

10.1016/j.braindev.2013.05.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 301-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Takuya Tanabe ◽

Mitsuru Kashiwagi ◽

Shuichi Shimakawa ◽

Hiroshi Tamai ◽

Eiji Wakamiya

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Japanese Children ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

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Elevated risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Japanese children with higher genetic susceptibility to ADHD with a birth weight under 2000 g

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-021-02093-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Md Shafiur Rahman ◽

Nagahide Takahashi ◽

Toshiki Iwabuchi ◽

Tomoko Nishimura ◽

Taeko Harada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Japanese Children ◽

Polygenic Risk ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Inattention And Hyperactivity

Abstract Background Both genetic and pre- and perinatal factors, including birth weight, have been implicated in the onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits among children. This study aimed to elucidate to what extent the genetic risk of ADHD moderates the association between birth weight and ADHD traits among Japanese children. Methods We conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study (Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mother and Children Study) to investigate the association of genetic risk for ADHD and low birth weight with ADHD traits among Japanese children. Out of 1258 children, we included 796 who completed follow-ups at 8 to 9 years of age. Birth weight was categorized as <2000 g, 2000–2499 g, and ≥2500 g. Polygenic risk score for ADHD was generated using the summary data of a large-scale genome-wide association study. The Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS) assessed ADHD traits (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) based on parental reports. Following previous studies, sex, birth order of the child, gestational age at birth, mother’s age at delivery, educational attainment, pre-pregnancy body mass index, pre-pregnancy or during pregnancy smoking status, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, father’s age, education, and annual family income were considered as covariates. Multivariable negative binomial regression was applied to evaluate the association between birth weight and ADHD traits, while adjusting for potential covariates. The interaction term between birth weight categories and binary polygenic risk was added to the model. Results Birth weight of 2000–2499 g was not associated with ADHD traits. Birth weight under 2000 g was significantly associated with both inattention and hyperactivity. When accounting for higher and lower genetic risk for ADHD, only those with higher genetic risk and birth weight < 2000 g were associated with inattention (rate ratio [RR] 1.56, 95% CI 1.07–2.27) and hyperactivity (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.14–3.06). Conclusions Birth weight under 2000 g, together with the genetic risk of ADHD, contributes to higher levels of ADHD traits among Japanese children aged 8 to 9 years. The suggested association between low birth weight and ADHD is confined to children with a genetic susceptibility to ADHD, indicating the relevance of genetic-environmental interactions in the etiology.

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Personality traits in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003608 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 280-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Valentino Antonio Pironti ◽

Meng-Chuan Lai ◽

Ulrich Müller ◽

Edward Thomas Bullmore ◽

Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Predisposing Factors ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

First Degree Relatives ◽

Normal Sensitivity ◽

Sensitivity To Punishment

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows clear, albeit heterogeneous, cognitive dysfunctions. However, personality traits are not well understood in adults with ADHD, and it is unclear whether they are predisposing factors or phenotypical facets of the condition.AimsTo assess whether personality traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking and sensitivity to punishment and reward are predisposing factors for ADHD or aspects of the clinical phenotype.MethodTwenty adults with ADHD, 20 unaffected first-degree relatives and 20 controls completed rating scales assessing traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking and sensitivity to punishment/reward.ResultsCompared with relatives and controls, individuals with ADHD showed increased impulsive personality traits, were more susceptible to boredom and presented hypersensitivity to reward but normal sensitivity to punishment.ConclusionsHigh impulsivity traits, heightened sensitivity to reward and boredom are associated with the phenotype of ADHD, rather than being predisposing factors, as these traits were not shared between ADHD probands and their relatives.

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