scholarly journals Gender Discrimination and Excess Female Under-5 Mortality in India: A New Perspective Using Mixed-Sex Twins

Demography ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 2143-2167
Author(s):  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Julia Behrman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractSon preference has been linked to excess female under-5 mortality in India, and considerable literature has explored whether parents invest more resources in sons relative to daughters—which we refer to as explicit discrimination—leading to girls’ poorer health status and, consequently, higher mortality. However, this literature has not adequately controlled for the implicit discrimination processes that sort girls into different types of families (e.g., larger) and at earlier parities. To better address the endogeneity associated with implicit discrimination processes, we explore the association between child sex and postneonatal under-5 mortality using a sample of mixed-sex twins from four waves of the Indian National Family Health Survey. Mixed-sex twins provide a natural experiment that exogenously assigns a boy and a girl to families at the same time, thus controlling for selectivity into having an unwanted female child. We document a sizable impact of explicit discrimination on girls’ excess mortality in India, particularly compared with a placebo analysis in sub-Saharan Africa, where girls have a survival advantage. We also show that explicit discrimination weakened for birth cohorts after the mid-1990s, especially in northern India, but further weakening has stalled since the mid-2000s, thus contributing to understandings of how the micro-processes underlying the female mortality disadvantage have changed over time.

China’s Economic Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-148
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Engineering Projects

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. The chapter highlights the way in which these are sometimes combined in resources-for-infrastructure deals. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships, including state and non-state actors, on both the Chinese and African sides. It then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in SSA. It also addresses questions of African agency and the interests of African actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations is then analyzed econometrically.

scholarly journals From privilege to prevalence: contextual effects of women's schooling on African marital timing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Frye ◽  
Sara Lopus
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

In Africa and elsewhere, educated women tend to marry later than their less educated peers. Beyond being an attribute of individual women, education is also an aggregate phenomenon: the social meaning of a woman’s educational attainment depends on the educational attainments of her agemates. Using data from 30 countries and 246 birth cohorts across sub-Saharan Africa, we investigate the impact of educational context (the percent of women in a country cohort who ever attended school) on the relationship between a woman’s own educational attainment and her marital timing. In contexts where access to education is prevalent, the marital timing of uneducated and highly-educated women is more similar than it is in contexts where attending school is limited to a privileged minority. This across-country convergence is driven by no-education women marrying later in high-education contexts, especially through lower rates of very early marriages. However, within countries over time, the marital ages of women from different educational groups tend to diverge as educational access expands. This within-country divergence is most often driven by later marriage among highly-educated women, although some countries’ divergence is driven by earlier marriage among women who never attended school.

Transformation of African Farm-Cum-Family Structures

2014 ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Catherine Guirkinger ◽  
Jean-Philippe Platteau
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Farm Structures ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter examines the transformation of farm-cum-family structures in Africa and the forces that drive such a transformation process. It begins by reviewing the partial theories of individualization before turning to a discussion of a more general approach that explains family-and-farm structures in terms of the magnitude of land endowment and outside opportunities. Two different types of individualization of farms and families are considered: the emergence of mixed farm structures in which adult members of the family receive private plots that can be used for their own benefit during limited periods of time, and the splitting of the stem household into branch households that coincides with the division of the land and the granting of pre-mortem inheritance. The chapter concludes by illustrating how economic theory can shed light on the emergence of farm-cum-family forms in sub-Saharan Africa.

Cyana fossi, a new species from Vietnam (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4938 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-600
Author(s):  
ANTON V. VOLYNKIN ◽  
MARIA S. IVANOVA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
A New Species

Cyana Walker, 1854 is one of the most species-rich Erebiidae genera within the tribe Lithosiini Billberg of the subfamily Arctiinae Leach. The genus is widespread from Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar through southern and eastern Asia to New Guinea and Australia with a diversity hot spot in South East Asia. A striking species with contrasting red and orange wing pattern, C. bellissima (Moore, 1878) was described from northern India and recorded from the Himalayas, China and Indochina (Fang 2000; Černý & Pinratana 2009; Singh et al. 2020). Another closely related species, C. stresemanni (Rothschild, 1936) (= bellissima inouei Kishida, 1993) is distributed in the Peninsular Malaysia (Rothschild 1936; Kishida 1993; Bucsek 2012). During examination of extensive unsorted Lithosiini materials housed in the MWM/ZSM and the private collection of the senior author, a series of peculiar specimens from southern Vietnam provisionally identified as ‘C. bellissima’ was found. These specimens, however, display certain external differences from other populations of C. bellissima and C. stresemanni, suggesting the presence of a further taxon related to C. bellissima. The examination of the male and the female genitalia of the southern Vietnamese specimens has confirmed their specific distinctness and they are described in this paper as a new species. 

scholarly journals Consensual Unions in Burkina Faso: Trends and Determinants

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. LeGrand ◽  
Zourkaleini Younoussi
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sexual Risks ◽  
National Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Life Type ◽  
Consensual Unions

This paper examines entry into consensual unions versus marriages in Burkina Faso, a topic that has received little attention to date in sub-Saharan Africa. Changes in marriage behaviors may entail or reflect profound changes in family organization, gender relations and fertility and, to the extent that consensual unions are relatively transitory and lead to more sexual partners, they may be associated with greater sexual risks including HIV. The determinants of new unions being consensual are estimated from national family-life type survey data that provide information on the timing of different types of marriages and the start of cohabitation. While consensual unions are not new to the country, they appear to be changing in nature and have been growing more common over time especially in urban areas. They are also more popular among men and women with greater schooling or who began cohabiting while living outside the country, and for women who have previously lived in union.

The Nonphysician and Family Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (8/9) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Waife ◽  
Marianne C. Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Family Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

State Failure and Challenges to Democratization in Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Cross National

Robert H. Bates's new book When Things Fell Apart seeks to make a contribution in two different areas. Explicitly, it joins a large literature on why state institutions collapsed in sub-Saharan Africa, especially why leaders drove one economy after the next into the ground. Less emphatically stated but clear enough from the book's content and its structure is an important contribution to political science's “culture wars” over the use of different types of evidence, especially the sometimes competing claims for the primacy of country knowledge, game-theoretic modeling, and large cross-national data sets. In particular, Bates uses a deductive approach, where game-theoretic approaches are married to national outcomes through a deep immersion in the literature and intuition (a concept he clearly seeks to rehabilitate) and then tested by the use of a significant and original database that is nonetheless relegated to an appendix. This is a particularly important approach because no one would accuse Bates of being at all hostile to large-scale quantitative analysis. Indeed, the significant data collection at Harvard's Africa Research Program (http://africa.gov.harvard.edu), which he helped found, is a service to the discipline.

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