Analysis of acute respiratory infections due to influenza virus A, B and RSV during an influenza epidemic 2018

Abstract Background Rhinoviruses and influenza viruses cause millions of acute respiratory infections annually. Symptoms of mild acute respiratory infections are commonly treated with over-the-counter products like ambroxol, bromhexine, and N-acetyl cysteine, as well as of thyme and pelargonium extracts today. Because the direct antiviral activity of these over-the-counter products has not been studied in a systematic way, the current study aimed to compare their inhibitory effect against rhinovirus and influenza virus replication in an in vitro setting. Methods The cytotoxicity of ambroxol, bromhexine, and N-acetyl cysteine, as well as of thyme and pelargonium extracts was analyzed in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and HeLa Ohio cells. The antiviral effect of these over-the-counter products was compared by analyzing the dose-dependent inhibition (i) of rhinovirus A2- and B14-induced cytopathic effect in HeLa Ohio cells and (ii) of influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (subtype H3N2)- and A/Jena/8178/09 (subtype H1N1, pandemic)-induced cytopathic effect in MDCK cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations. To get insights into the mechanism of action of pelargonium extract against influenza virus, we performed time-of-addition assays as well as hemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition assays. Results N-acetyl cysteine, thyme and pelargonium extract showed no or only marginal cytotoxicity in MDCK and HeLa Ohio cells in the tested concentration range. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of ambroxol and bromhexine was 51.85 and 61.24 μM, respectively. No anti-rhinoviral activity was detected at non-cytotoxic concentrations in this in vitro study setting. Ambroxol, bromhexine, and N-acetyl cysteine inhibited the influenza virus-induced cytopathic effect in MDCK cells no or less than 50%. In contrast, a dose-dependent anti-influenza virus activity of thyme and pelargonium extracts was demonstrated. The time-of addition assays revealed an inhibition of early and late steps of influenza virus replication by pelargonium extract whereas zanamivir acted on late steps only. The proven block of viral neuraminidase activity might explain the inhibition of influenza virus replication when added after viral adsorption. Conclusion The study results indicate a distinct inhibition of influenza A virus replication by thyme and pelargonium extract which might contribute to the beneficial effects of these plant extracts on acute respiratory infections symptoms.

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Reactions of Monkeys to Experimental Respiratory Infections. I. Response to Influenza Virus A

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.3181/00379727-48-13386 ◽

1941 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 558-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O. C. Woolpert ◽

J. L. Schwab ◽

S. Saslaw ◽

C. Merino ◽

C. A. Doan

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Influenza Virus A

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Epidemiology of influenza virus infections in children with acute respiratory infections in Zambia

Annals of Tropical Paediatrics ◽

10.1080/02724936.1997.11747873 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 115-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. Mizuta ◽

H. Oshitani ◽

M. Saijo ◽

E. M. Mpabalwani ◽

F. C. Kasolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Virus Infections

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Risk factors for seasonal influenza virus detection in stools of patients consulting in general practice for acute respiratory infections in France, 2014‐2016

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses ◽

10.1111/irv.12523 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 398-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Laëtitia Minodier ◽

Shirley Masse ◽

Lisandru Capai ◽

Thierry Blanchon ◽

Pierre‐Emmanuel Ceccaldi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

General Practice ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

Seasonal Influenza ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Influenza Virus Detection

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PERAN IBU DALAM PENINGKATAN SISTEM IMUN ANAK DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT

Jurnal Keperawatan ◽

10.32583/keperawatan.v11i2.422 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 79-86

Author(s):

Cindy Ayustin Noya ◽

Angkit Kinasih ◽

Venti Agustina ◽

R.Rr Maria Dyah Kurniasari

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Research Method ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Clean Environment ◽

History Of ◽

Qualitative Descriptive

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut atau yang sering disebut ISPA merupakan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan baik saluran pernafasan atas atau bawah.ISPA juga kebanyakan terjadi pada anak balita karena daya tahan tubuh mereka tidak kuat dalam menghadapi penyakit ISPA. ISPA mengakibatkan kematiansekitar15%-20% per tahun pada usia balita di Negara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa peran ibu dalam meningkatkan sistem imun anak dengan ISPA.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan sampel purposive sampling.Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak dengan riwayat dan saat ini menderita penyakit ISPA di Batu Gajah Kota Ambon.Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian mendapati 4 kategori yaitu pemberian nutrisi pada anak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan agar sistem imunnya terjaga, kebersihan lingkungan, peran ibu dalam melakukan pencegahan pada anaknya yang mengalami ISPA, dan peran ibu dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan kesehatan anaknya. Kata kunci: peran ibu, sistem imun, ispa THE ROLE OF MOTHERS IN INCREASING IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION ABSTRACT Acute respiratory infections or often called ARI is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. ARI occurs mostly in children under the age of five because their endurance is not strong in dealing with ARI. ARI results in deaths of around 15%-20% per year at the age of under-five in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of mothers in improving the immune system of children against ARI. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive with a purposive sampling sample. Respondents and samples of this study were five mothers who had children with a history of ARI and currently suffering from the disease in Batu Gajah, Ambon City. The results of the study found 4 categories, namely providing nutrition to children to meet their needs so that their immune systems are maintained, clean environment, mother's role in preventing children with ARI, and mother's role to preserve and maintain the health of their children. The findings indicated that in terms of coping or improving the immune system of a child to avoid ARI, it is necessary to have role the of mothers in providing nutrition so that the immune system is boosted, besides that the mother can prevent and protect her child from various diseases, especially ARI. Keywords: role of mothers, immune system, acute respiratory infections

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