Sensory processing in the mammalian brain: Neural substrates and experimental strategies

1989 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 820
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Experimental Strategies

scholarly journals Computational Models of Neuromodulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Fellous ◽  
Christiane Linster
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Modeling Studies ◽  
And Control

Computational modeling of neural substrates provides an excellent theoretical framework for the understanding of the computational roles of neuromodulation. In this review, we illustrate, with a large number of modeling studies, the specific computations performed by neuromodulation in the context of various neural models of invertebrate and vertebrate preparations. We base our characterization of neuromodulations on their computational and functional roles rather than on anatomical or chemical criteria. We review the main framework in which neuromodulation has been studied theoretically (central pattern generation and oscillations, sensory processing, memory and information integration). Finally, we present a detailed mathematical overview of how neuromodulation has been implemented at the single cell and network levels in modeling studies. Overall, neuromodulation is found to increase and control computational complexity.

scholarly journals The Functional and Neurobiological Properties of Bad Taste

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 605-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. Schier ◽  
Alan C. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Gustatory System ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Strategies

The gustatory system serves as a critical line of defense against ingesting harmful substances. Technological advances have fostered the characterization of peripheral receptors and have created opportunities for more selective manipulations of the nervous system, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying taste-based avoidance and aversion remain poorly understood. One conceptual obstacle stems from a lack of recognition that taste signals subserve several behavioral and physiological functions which likely engage partially segregated neural circuits. Moreover, although the gustatory system evolved to respond expediently to broad classes of biologically relevant chemicals, innate repertoires are often not in register with the actual consequences of a food. The mammalian brain exhibits tremendous flexibility; responses to taste can be modified in a specific manner according to bodily needs and the learned consequences of ingestion. Therefore, experimental strategies that distinguish between the functional properties of various taste-guided behaviors and link them to specific neural circuits need to be applied. Given the close relationship between the gustatory and visceroceptive systems, a full reckoning of the neural architecture of bad taste requires an understanding of how these respective sensory signals are integrated in the brain.

scholarly journals Suppressed Emotional Modulation on Early Auditory Processing of Predictable Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ahumada ◽  
Sergio Arthuro Mota-Rolim ◽  
Mario André Leocadio Miguel ◽  
John Fontenele Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
White Background ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Auditory Event ◽  
Emotional Pictures

Emotion influences how we perceive the world, but the neural substrates of this modulationare not completely understood. Here, we aimed to evaluate how emotional state modulatesthe early sensory processing of auditory stimuli. We recorded auditory event-relatedpotentials while participants were listening to neutral tones and watching emotionalpictures simultaneously. To verify the emotional responses, we collected the subjectiveassessment of pictures, heart rate, and brain rhythms. We found that the emotional statesfailed in modulating N1 and P2 amplitudes. However, N1 amplitude decreased when wepresented a picture, compared to a white background. These results suggest a suppressedemotional modulation over the processing of periodic neutral events, probably due to thepredictability of these events. Nonetheless, we observed a deceleration of the heart rateduring presentation of emotional pictures and an increase in theta power during thepresentation of positive pictures, which confirms the induction of emotional reactions.

scholarly journals Inhibitory circuits of the mammalian main olfactory bulb

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 2034-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Gabaergic Interneuron ◽  
Main Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Model

Synaptic inhibition critically influences sensory processing throughout the mammalian brain, including the main olfactory bulb (MOB), the first station of sensory processing in the olfactory system. Decades of research across numerous laboratories have established a central role for granule cells (GCs), the most abundant GABAergic interneuron type in the MOB, in the precise regulation of principal mitral and tufted cell (M/TC) firing rates and synchrony through lateral and recurrent inhibitory mechanisms. In addition to GCs, however, the MOB contains a vast diversity of other GABAergic interneuron types, and recent findings suggest that, while fewer in number, these oft-ignored interneurons are just as important as GCs in shaping odor-evoked M/TC activity. Here I challenge the prevailing centrality of GCs. In this review, I first outline the specific properties of each GABAergic interneuron type in the rodent MOB, with particular emphasis placed on direct interneuron recordings and cell type-selective manipulations. On the basis of these properties, I then critically reevaluate the contribution of GCs vs. other interneuron types to the regulation of odor-evoked M/TC firing rates and synchrony via lateral, recurrent, and other inhibitory mechanisms. This analysis yields a novel model in which multiple interneuron types with distinct abundances, connectivity patterns, and physiologies complement one another to regulate M/TC activity and sensory processing.

Visual Signals in the Mammalian Auditory System

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith N. Schmehl ◽  
Jennifer M. Groh
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Visual Modulation

Coordination between different sensory systems is a necessary element of sensory processing. Where and how signals from different sense organs converge onto common neural circuitry have become topics of increasing interest in recent years. In this article, we focus specifically on visual–auditory interactions in areas of the mammalian brain that are commonly considered to be auditory in function. The auditory cortex and inferior colliculus are two key points of entry where visual signals reach the auditory pathway, and both contain visual- and/or eye movement–related signals in humans and other animals. The visual signals observed in these auditory structures reflect a mixture of visual modulation of auditory-evoked activity and visually driven responses that are selective for stimulus location or features. These key response attributes also appear in the classic visual pathway but may play a different role in the auditory pathway: to modify auditory rather than visual perception. Finally, while this review focuses on two particular areas of the auditory pathway where this question has been studied, robust descending as well as ascending connections within this pathway suggest that undiscovered visual signals may be present at other stages as well. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis produce functionally distinct subclasses of dopaminergic neuron

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Galliano ◽  
Eleonora Franzoni ◽  
Marine Breton ◽  
Annisa N Chand ◽  
Darren J Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Dopaminergic Neuron ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Postnatal Neurogenesis ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Adult Born Neurons

Most neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is completed embryonically, but in certain areas the production of neurons continues throughout postnatal life. The functional properties of mature postnatally generated neurons often match those of their embryonically produced counterparts. However, we show here that in the olfactory bulb (OB), embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis produce functionally distinct subpopulations of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We define two subclasses of OB DA neuron by the presence or absence of a key subcellular specialisation: the axon initial segment (AIS). Large AIS-positive axon-bearing DA neurons are exclusively produced during early embryonic stages, leaving small anaxonic AIS-negative cells as the only DA subtype generated via adult neurogenesis. These populations are functionally distinct: large DA cells are more excitable, yet display weaker and – for certain long-latency or inhibitory events – more broadly tuned responses to odorant stimuli. Embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis can therefore generate distinct neuronal subclasses, placing important constraints on the functional roles of adult-born neurons in sensory processing.

scholarly journals Embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis produce functionally distinct subclasses of dopaminergic neuron

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Galliano ◽  
Eleonora Franzoni ◽  
Marine Breton ◽  
Annisa N. Chand ◽  
Darren J. Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Dopaminergic Neuron ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Postnatal Neurogenesis ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Adult Born Neurons

AbstractMost neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is completed embryonically, but in certain areas the production of neurons continues throughout postnatal life. The functional properties of mature postnatally-generated neurons often match those of their embryonically-produced counterparts. However, we show here that in the olfactory bulb (OB), embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis produce functionally distinct subpopulations of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We define two subclasses of OB DA neuron by the presence or absence of a key subcellular specialisation: the axon initial segment (AIS). Large AIS-positive axon-bearing DA neurons are exclusively produced during early embryonic stages, leaving small anaxonic AIS-negative cells as the only DA subtype generated via adult neurogenesis. These populations are functionally distinct: large DA cells are more excitable, yet display weaker and – for certain long-latency or inhibitory events – more broadly-tuned responses to odorant stimuli. Embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis can therefore generate distinct neuronal subclasses, placing important constraints on the functional roles of adult-born neurons in sensory processing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document