Metabolic integration during the host associations of multicellular animal endoparasites

An updated checklist of Iranian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) is presented based on literature records from 1947–2016. The current list includes 159 species representing 48 genera. Parasitoid-host associations in Iran and distributional data are also provided. Twelve encyrtid species (7.55%) are known only from Iran but a high number of species (68 species, 42.77%) are widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. Four species previously listed from Iran, Metaphycus angustifrons Compere, 1957, Homalotylus ephippium (Ruschka, 1923), H. sinensis Xu & He, 1997, and Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard, 1910) are no longer considered present. Hosts of Iranian encyrtid species are tabulated by order and family, with the majority being Hemiptera (66.98%), followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (each 9.44%), Diptera (6.60%), Hymenoptera (4.71%) and Neuroptera (2.83%). The majority of Encyrtidae known in Iran are parasitoids of the superfamily Coccoidea (46.22%). Host-plant associations of Iranian Encyrtidae are also tabulated, by plant family.

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Foliar habit in mistletoe–host associations

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2016-0238 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 219-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gerhard Glatzel ◽

Hanno Richter ◽

Mohan Prasad Devkota ◽

Guillermo Amico ◽

Sugwang Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Southern South America ◽

Main Driver ◽

Almost All ◽

The Tropics ◽

Nutrient Conservation ◽

Large Vessels ◽

Host Associations

Foliar habit in parasite–host associations of mistletoes and trees is a neglected aspect in the discussion of foliar habit of woody plants. Almost all of the world’s mistletoe species are evergreen, regardless of the foliar habit of their hosts. Deciduous mistletoes are rare and confined to the northern fringes of Loranthaceae in Eurasia, and to Misodendraceae and the monotypic genus Desmaria (Loranthaceae) in southern South America. There are no deciduous mistletoes in the tropics and subtropics. Based on existing information and hypotheses on foliar habit, we asked why the majority of mistletoe species is evergreen, even on deciduous hosts, and why seasonality is apparently no driver for the evolution of deciduousness in parasite–host systems. We postulate that nutrient conservation is the main driver for evergreenness in mistletoes. Based on our own observations of wood anatomy in the host–haustorium–mistletoe continuum we hypothesize that the phenomenon of deciduousness in northerly Loranthus species is a consequence of interrupted water supply in large vessels after frost. In South America we could not find a consistent correlation between wood anatomy and deciduousness. We assume that deciduousness in these mistletoes evolved long ago in Antarctic forests under climatic and ecological conditions quite different from today.

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DESCRIPTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ON HOST ASSOCIATIONS OF SOME LARVAL ARRENUROIDEA (PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA), WITH COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY IN THE SUPERFAMILY

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent110957-9 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 110 (9) ◽

pp. 957-1001 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Ian M. Smith

Keyword(s):

Species Groups ◽

First Time ◽

Host Associations

AbstractLarvae of 13 species representing eight genera and seven families of Arrenuroidea are described, including those of Momonia marciae Habeeb, Midea expansa Marshall, Midea alaris Young (? = M. determina Marshall), Laversia berulophila Cook, Mideopsis (s.s.) crassipes Soar, Mideopsis (s.s.) borealis Habeeb, Mideopsis (s.s.) marshallae Cook, and Mideopsis (Xystonotus) aspera (Wolcott) for the first time. Diagnoses and keys are provided for the genera, subgenera, and species groups involved. Information on host associations is given for each species. Observations on morphology and host associations of these larvae provide the basis for an original, though preliminary, outline of phylogeny in the superfamily.

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