The purpose of our study was to determine the in vitro developmental competences of equine NT embryos reconstructed with adult dermal fibroblast cells. Frozen/thawed fibroblast cells, whose mitotic cycle had been synchronized at G1/G0 stages through a contact inhibition of their migration and proliferative activity under total confluency, were used as a source of nuclear donor cells in the somatic cell cloning procedure. In vitro-matured oocytes were used as recipient cells for fibroblast cell nuclei. The compact cumulus–oocyte complexes (cpCOCs) were collected from abattoir-derived mare ovaries and selected for in vitro maturation. The cpCOCs were cultured in TC-199 medium supplemented with 5 mU mL–1 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 75 μg mL–1 kanamycin monosulfate (kanamycin A) for 30 h at 38.2°C in a 100% water-saturated atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. Cumulus-denuded in vitro-matured oocytes were incubated in the maturation medium supplemented with 0.4 μg mL–1 demecolcine for 40 min. The treated oocytes were subsequently transferred into TC-199 medium containing 4 mg mL–1 BSA-V and 5 μg mL–1 cytochalasin B. Metaphase chromosomes, which had been allocated into the chemically-induced protrusion of the plasma membrane, were removed microsurgically. The chemically-assisted enucleation was accomplished by gently aspirating the ooplasmic cone, which contained the condensed chromosome mass, with the aid of a beveled micropipette. The single nuclear donor cells were inserted into perivitelline space of previously enucleated oocytes. Fibroblast cell-ooplast couplets were fused with two consecutive DC pulses of 2.4 kV cm–1 for 30 μs. After a 1.5-h delay, nuclear transfer-derived oocytes were chemically activated by exposure to 5 μm L–1 calcium ionomycin for 5 to 7 min, followed by their incubation in B2 medium with addition of 2 mm L–1 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) for 4 h. Reconstructed embryos were in vitro cultured in B2 medium for 2 days. Afterwards, cleaved embryos were co-cultured with Vero cells in B2 medium supplemented with 10% FBS for 5 to 6 days up to morula/blastocyst stages. From among 88 in vitro cultured cpCOCs, 55 (62.5%) acquired meiotic nuclear and cytoplasmic maturity state after reaching the Metaphase II stage. A total of 55 enucleated oocytes underwent reconstruction and 44/55 (80.0%) were successfully fused with nuclear donor cells. Out of 44 cultured NT embryos, 21 (47.7%) were cleaved. The frequencies of cloned embryos that reached the morula and blastocyst stages were 6/44 (13.6%) and 3/44 (6.8%), respectively. In conclusion, the cell nuclei of in vitro cultured adult dermal fibroblast cells, which had undergone the contact inhibition, were able to direct the preimplantation development of equine cloned embryos to morula and blastocyst stages.
This work was supported by the Scientific Net of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology.
Nuclear incorporation of iron during the eukaryotic cell cycle
