Introduction | History of Dairy Products and Processes

Background: Dairy products have been positively associated with weight loss and inversely associated with weight gain. However, limited number of studies has investigated the role of dairy consumption in the prevention of becoming overweight or obese. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate how consumption of dairy products was associated with the risk of becoming overweight or obese among initially normal-weight women. Methods: We studied 19,180 women aged ≥45y from the Women’s Health Study free of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and diabetes with an initial body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-<25 kg/m 2 . Dairy intake was assessed through a 131-item food-frequency questionnaire. Total dairy intake was defined as the sum of servings per day of low-fat dairy products (skim/low-fat milk, sherbet, yogurt, and cottage/ricotta cheese) and high-fat dairy products (whole milk, cream, sour cream, ice cream, cream cheese, other cheese, and butter). Women self-reported body weight along with obesity-related risk factors on baseline and annual follow-up questionnaires. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, we included the following covariates: baseline age, randomization treatment, BMI, smoking status, vigorous exercise, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, multivitamin use, alcohol intake, total energy intake, and fruit and vegetable intake. Results: During a mean follow-up of 11.2y (216,979 person-years), 8,582 women became overweight or obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ). The multivariable-adjusted mean changes in body weight (95% confidence interval (CI)) during the follow-up were 3.9 (3.5-4.3), 3.9 (3.5-4.2), 3.8 (3.5-4.2), 3.7 (3.4-4.1), and 3.4 (3.0-3.7) lbs in quintiles 1-5 of total dairy consumption (P-trend: 0.01), respectively. In multivariable-adjusted analyses (Table 1) , women in the highest versus lowest quintile of had a rate ratio (RR) of 0.91 (0.84-0.98, P-trend: 0.16) of becoming overweight or obese. No associations were observed in highest quintiles of low-fat dairy and high-fat dairy intakes. Conclusion: Greater consumption of dairy products may be inversely ssociated with risk of becoming overweight or obese in women.

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Introduction—History of Coal Mining in South Limburg/Aachen Area/Campine Coalfield

SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences - Geology of Coal Deposits of South Limburg, The Netherlands ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-18286-1_1 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

J. H. L. Voncken

Keyword(s):

Coal Mining ◽

Introduction History ◽

History Of

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Introduction: History of Life Cycle Costing, Its Categorization, and Its Basic Framework

Environmental Life Cycle Costing ◽

10.1201/9781420054736-9 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 35-50

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Life Cycle Costing ◽

Introduction History ◽

Basic Framework ◽

History Of

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The ethnic composition of the population of Prinevye area and the Southern Ladoga area at the end of the XV century

Finno-Ugric World ◽

10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.01.062-072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 62-72

Author(s):

Boris I. Chibisov

Keyword(s):

Economic History ◽

Ethnic Composition ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

North West ◽

Introduction History ◽

The North ◽

History Of ◽

The Baltic ◽

North Western ◽

Descriptive Method

Introduction. History of the North-West area of Novgorod land at the end of the XV century attracted the attention of researchers mainly in the socio-economic aspect. This is due to the fact that Novgorod scribal books are dated by the end of the XV century. From the standpoint of socio-economic history their value is not in doubt, but from an ethno-historical point their onomastic content is underestimated. Materials and methods. The main source of research was the scribe book of the Vodskaya Pyatina 1499/1500. The descriptive method of research is to identify and record the Baltic-Finnish oikonyms (names of rural settlements) and anthroponyms mentioned in the scribe books. Baltic-Finnish anthroponyms are identified on the basis of an analysis of formal indicators of borrowing the anthroponyms. Results and Discussion. There are several areas where the Baltic-Finnish oikonymy and anthroponymy were concentrated, namely Korboselsky graveyard in the northern Prinevye, Lopsky and Terebuzhsky graveyards in the southern Ladoga, as well as Dudorovsky and Izhora graveyards south of the Neva. Archaeological sources record a significant presence of the Izhora antiquities. The presence of Karelians is noted in the northern Prievye and southern Ladoga. Slavic onomastic materials are recorded throughout Orekhovsky and Ladoga counties, but to mostly in the cities of Oreshka, Ladoga and their nearest areas. Conclusion. By the end of the XV century the north-western graveyards of Novgorod land were inhabited by representatives of various ethnic groups: Slavs, Vodians, Izhora and Karelians, as evidenced by the data of anthroponyms and toponyms of the scribe’s books and confirmed by archaeological sources.

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