GROWTH FACTORS IN FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1981 ◽  
pp. 155-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Joseph D'Ercole ◽  
Louis E. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development

scholarly journals Thyroid hormones in fetal growth and prepartum maturation

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. R87-R103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Forhead ◽  
A L Fowden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are essential for normal growth and development of the fetus. Their bioavailabilityin uterodepends on development of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid gland axis and the abundance of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases that influence tissue levels of bioactive hormone. Fetal T4and T3concentrations are also affected by gestational age, nutritional and endocrine conditionsin utero, and placental permeability to maternal thyroid hormones, which varies among species with placental morphology. Thyroid hormones are required for the general accretion of fetal mass and to trigger discrete developmental events in the fetal brain and somatic tissues from early in gestation. They also promote terminal differentiation of fetal tissues closer to term and are important in mediating theprepartummaturational effects of the glucocorticoids that ensure neonatal viability. Thyroid hormones act directly through anabolic effects on fetal metabolism and the stimulation of fetal oxygen consumption. They also act indirectly by controlling the bioavailability and effectiveness of other hormones and growth factors that influence fetal development such as the catecholamines and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). By regulating tissue accretion and differentiation near term, fetal thyroid hormones ensure activation of physiological processes essential for survival at birth such as pulmonary gas exchange, thermogenesis, hepatic glucogenesis, and cardiac adaptations. This review examines the developmental control of fetal T4and T3bioavailability and discusses the role of these hormones in fetal growth and development with particular emphasis on maturation of somatic tissues critical for survival immediately at birth.

Fetal Growth and Development, edited by Harry A. Waisman, M.D., Ph.D., and George R. Kerr, M.D. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970, 320 pp., $17.50

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-505
Author(s):  
Clement A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
New School ◽  
Developmental Physiology

When William Windle published his Physiology of the Fetus, in 1940, he referred to Preyer's Specielle Physiologie des Embryo, published 65 years before that, as "long the only source of summarized knowledge concerning the activities of embryos and fetuses of many species." Dr. Windle then noted how "within the last decade of two" or some 40 years after Preyer, "interest has revived and a new school of developmental physiology has come into being . . . (though) . . . few biologists are aware of all that has been accomplished."

scholarly journals Determination of antibiotic concentration in meconium and its association with fetal growth and development

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingya Zhao ◽  
Yuhan Zhou ◽  
Qingyang Zhu ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
Wenjuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Antibiotic Concentration

scholarly journals The effect of intermittent umbilical cord occlusion on insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in preterm and near-term ovine fetuses

2000 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Green ◽  
Y Kawagoe ◽  
DJ Hill ◽  
BS Richardson ◽  
VK Han
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

Intermittent umbilical cord compression with resultant fetal hypoxia can have a negative impact on fetal growth and development. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) are the most important regulators of fetal growth. In preterm (107-108 days of gestation) and near-term (128-131 days of gestation) ovine fetuses, we have determined the effect of intermittent umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) over a period of 4 days on the profile and expression of IGFs and IGFBPs. In experimental group animals (preterm n=7; near term n=7) UCOs were carried out by complete inflation of an occluder cuff (duration 90 s) every 30 min for 3-5 h each day, while control fetuses (preterm n=7; near term n=7) received no UCOs. Ewes were euthanized at the end of day 4, and fetal heart, lung, kidney, liver, skeletal muscle and placenta were collected. During UCOs, PO(2! ) fell (by approximately 13 mmHg), pH fell (by approximately 0.05) and PCO(2) increased (by approximately 7 mmHg), and changed to a similar extent in both preterm and near-term groups. In both preterm and near-term groups, there was no difference in fetal body or organ weight between UCO and control fetuses. No significant changes were observed in plasma IGF-I and -II concentrations or IGFBP-1, -2, -3 or -4 levels throughout the 4-day study at either gestational age. In the preterm group UCO fetuses, IGF-II mRNA (1.2-6.0 kb) levels were lower in fetal lung (33%, P<0.05), heart (54%, P<0.01) and skeletal muscle (29%, P<0.05), but there were no differences in IGF-I mRNA levels (7.3 kb); IGFBP-2 mRNA (1.5 kb) levels were lower in the right lobe of the liver (42%, P<0.05) and kidney (22%, P<0.01), but hig! her in the heart (72%, P<0.01), while IGFBP-4 (2.4 kb) levels were lower in skeletal muscle (21%, P<0.01). In the near-term group UCO fetuses, IGFBP-2 mRNA levels were greater in the placenta (39%, P<0.05). Thus, intermittent UCO as studied has a greater effect on the expression of genes encoding certain peptides of the fetal IGF system in selected tissues in preterm fetuses than that in near-term fetuses. Altered IGFBP-2 mRNA levels with reduced IGF-II mRNA levels in selected tissues may mediate changes in growth and/or differentiation that might become apparent if the length of the UCO study were extended.

scholarly journals Placental and Fetal Growth and Development in Late Rat Gestation Is Dependent on Adrenomedullin1

2002 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 1025-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea G. Witlin ◽  
Zheng-Yin Li ◽  
Sunil J. Wimalawansa ◽  
James J. Grady ◽  
Marjorie R. Grafe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development
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