Over the past decade, evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become the standard for medical practice.1 Evidence-based practices have been established in general medicine and specialized fields; new evidence-based journals have been launched.2 Although its roots can be found in mid-nineteenth-century medical philosophy, contemporary EBM was largely developed by the clinical epidemiology program at McMaster University in 1992.3 According to the McMaster manifesto published in JAMA, EBM “deemphasizes intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiologic rationale as sufficient grounds for clinical decision-making, and stresses the examination of evidence from clinical research.”4 The most frequently cited definition of EBM is reliance on the “conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients,” based on an integration of “individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.”5 However, as Stefan Timmermans and Aaron Mauck recently observed, EBM “is loosely used and can refer to anything from conducting a statistical meta-analysis of accumulated research to promoting randomized clinical trials, to supporting uniform reporting styles for research, to a personal orientation toward critical self-evaluation.”6
Uncomfortable treatment without diagnosis
