scholarly journals Tendinopathy and tendon material response to load: What we can learn from small Animal studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Williamson ◽  
Benjamin R. Freedman ◽  
Nicholas Kwok ◽  
Indeevar Beeram ◽  
Jan Pennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Material Response

scholarly journals Nutrition and its contribution to obesity and diabetes: a life-course approach to disease prevention?

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Whilst previously type 2 diabetes occurred in older adults, its incidence, together with obesity, has increased rapidly in children. An improved understanding of this disease pathway from a developmental view point is critical. It is likely that subtle changes in dietary patterns over an extended period of time contribute to diabetes, although this type of rationale is largely ignored in animal studies aimed at determining the mechanisms involved. Small-animal studies in which large, and often extreme, changes in the diet are imposed at different stages of the life cycle can have substantial effects on fat mass and/or pancreatic functions. These responses are not representative of the much more gradual changes seen in the human population. An increasing number of studies indicate that it is growth rate per se, rather than the type of dietary intervention that determines pancreatic function during development. Epigenetic mechanisms that regulate insulin secretion by the pancreas can be re-set by more extreme changes in dietary supply in early life. The extent to which these changes may contribute to more subtle modulations in glucose homeostasis that can accompany excess fat growth in childhood remains to be established. For human subjects there is much less information as to whether specific dietary components determine disease onset. Indeed, it is highly likely that genotype has a major influence, although recent data relating early diet to physical activity and the FTO gene indicate the difficulty of establishing the relative contribution of diet and changes in body mass to diabetes.

Reduced-volume radioimmunoassays for parathyrin and calcitonin in serum, for use in pediatric and small-animal studies.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1833-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Heath ◽  
F P DiBella
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Reduced Volume

Abstract Radioimmunoassays for circulating parathyrin and calcitonin used in most laboratories require 0.6--0.7 ml of serum or plasma, or more, for assay of one hormone. Such volumes are often difficult to obtain safely or repeatedly from pediatric patients or in small-animal studies. We modified our existing procedures to markedly decrease sample and reagent requirements. All reagent volumes were proportionately reduced to one-fourth the usual (from 500 microliter final incubation volume to 125 microliter), and serum or plasma volumes from 200, 100, and 50 microliter to 50, 25, and 10 microliter. We used smaller (10.3 X 50 mm) tubes and slightly modified the separation with charcoal. Results, validated by studies in rats, showed the sensitivity to match that of the usual assays; inter- and intra-assay variance was less than 20%. Simultaneous regular- and reduced-volume assays of parathyrin in sera from 19 children gave almost identical results (r = 0.9987). Both hormones can be assayed in less than 400 microliter of serum.

scholarly journals Auditory evoked fields measured noninvasively with small-animal MEG reveal rapid repetition suppression in the guinea pig

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 3053-3065 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Björn Christianson ◽  
Maria Chait ◽  
Alain de Cheveigné ◽  
Jennifer F. Linden
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Neuron Response ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Auditory Evoked Fields ◽  
Evoked Fields

In animal models, single-neuron response properties such as stimulus-specific adaptation have been described as possible precursors to mismatch negativity, a human brain response to stimulus change. In the present study, we attempted to bridge the gap between human and animal studies by characterising responses to changes in the frequency of repeated tone series in the anesthetised guinea pig using small-animal magnetoencephalography (MEG). We showed that 1) auditory evoked fields (AEFs) qualitatively similar to those observed in human MEG studies can be detected noninvasively in rodents using small-animal MEG; 2) guinea pig AEF amplitudes reduce rapidly with tone repetition, and this AEF reduction is largely complete by the second tone in a repeated series; and 3) differences between responses to the first (deviant) and later (standard) tones after a frequency transition resemble those previously observed in awake humans using a similar stimulus paradigm.

Impact of focal spot size on the spatial resolution of a digital x-ray imaging system for small-animal studies

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Ouandji ◽  
Eric Potter ◽  
Wei R. Chen ◽  
Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Focal Spot ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Focal Spot Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging

scholarly journals Implementation of absolute quantification in small‐animal SPECT imaging: Phantom and animal studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabnam Khorasani Gerdekoohi ◽  
Naser Vosoughi ◽  
Kaveh Tanha ◽  
Majid Assadi ◽  
Pardis Ghafarian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Spect Imaging

Development of a novel radiation imaging detector system for in vivo gene imaging in small animal studies

1998 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 1743-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Weisenberger ◽  
E.L. Bradley ◽  
S. Majewski ◽  
M.S. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Detector System ◽  
Radiation Imaging ◽  
Imaging Detector

Chronic cortical electrodes for small animal studies

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 698-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Retzlaff ◽  
Joan Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal

2K-5 Compensation of Attenuation in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: Application to Small Animal Studies

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mule ◽  
A. De Cesare ◽  
G. Renault ◽  
O. Lucidarme ◽  
F. Frouin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Ultrasound Application
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