Racial bias in Cesarean decision-making

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw a better understanding of the potential impact of daylight in officer decision making. In order to this, the authors test the veil of darkness hypothesis, which theorizes that racial bias in traffic stops can be tested by controlling for the impact of daylight, while operating under the assumption that driver patterns remain constant across race.Design/methodology/approachPublicly available traffic-stop records from the Louisville Metro Police Department for January 2010–2019. The analysis includes both propensity score matching to examine the impact of daylight in similarly situated stops and coefficients testing to analyze how VOD may vary in citation-specific models.FindingsThe results show that using PSM following the VOD hypothesis does show evidence of racial bias, with Black drivers more likely to be stopped. Moreover, the effects of daylight significantly varied across citation-specific models.Research limitations/implicationsThe data are self-reported from the officer and do not contain information on the vehicle make or model.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that utilizing PSM and coefficients testing provides for a better analysis following the VOD hypothesis and does a better job of understanding the impact of daylight and the officer decision-making on traffic stops.Social implicationsBased on the quality of the data, the findings show that the use of VOD allows for the performance of more rigorous analyses of traffic stop data – giving police departments a better way to examine if racial profiling is evident.Originality/valueThis is the first study (to the researchers' knowledge) that applies the statistical analyses of PSM to the confines of the veil of darkness hypothesis.

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Mixed motives and racial bias: The impact of legitimate and illegitimate criteria on decision making.

Psychology Public Policy and Law ◽

10.1037/1076-8971.12.1.36 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 36-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Michael I. Norton ◽

Samuel R. Sommers ◽

Joseph A. Vandello ◽

John M. Darley

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Racial Bias ◽

The Impact ◽

Mixed Motives

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“Racial bias in mock juror decision-making: A meta-analytic review of defendant treatment”: Correction to Mitchell et al. (2005).

Law and Human Behavior ◽

10.1037/lhb0000248 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 313-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Mock Juror ◽

Juror Decision Making ◽

Analytic Review

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Proxies

Calculating Race ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197504000.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 78-96

Author(s):

Benjamin Wiggins

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Decision Making ◽

Racial Bias ◽

The United States ◽

Actuarial Science ◽

State Regulations ◽

Insurance Law ◽

Social Statistics ◽

Highly Correlated

Calculating Race’s fourth chapter demonstrates that race has become so highly correlated with other social statistics that actuarial science in general has developed a baked-in racial bias. Racial discrimination by proxy (e.g., zip code standing in for race) can be glimpsed in the disparate impact of data-driven decision-making in housing, healthcare, policing, sentencing, and more. Simply leaving out racial data in statistically aided decision-making distances institutions from claims of intentional discrimination, but a disparate, discriminatory impact lingers when other factors correlated with race power actuarial analyses. Chapter 4 considers how insurance law in the United States has defined the limits of acceptable discrimination. By surveying the progression of state-by-state regulations that prohibit or accept the use of race, gender, sex, sexuality, ability, age, and genetics in an industry that revolves around the ability to discriminate risk, it uncovers who the United States has historically chosen to protect.

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Healthcare Decision-Making of African-American Patients: Comparing Positivist and Postmodern Approaches to Care

Nursing Science Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0894318419826255 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 140-147

Author(s):

William E. Rosa

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

African American ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Ways Of Knowing ◽

Research Progress ◽

Healthcare Decision ◽

Serious Illness ◽

Healthcare Decision Making ◽

Whole Person ◽

The Ideal

Healthcare decision-making (HCDM) may be a potentially challenging time for any person. When considered against the backdrop of being a minority, experiencing disparate care based on racial bias, and confronting the implications of advanced serious illness, the practices and processes of HCDM become increasingly complex. The purpose of this paper is to consider the HCDM of African-American patients with advanced serious illness through the lens of positivism and postmodernism and to make the argument that postmodern nursing is the ideal ethical and equitable approach to HCDM. Postmodernism reengages nurses to consider HCDM of African-American patients with advanced serious illness as an individualized, contextualized, whole-person process, requiring all ways of knowing. A postmodern nursing approach may promote sustainable and human-centered health interventions that will reposition an often marginalized group to the center of practice, policy, and research progress.

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Jury Selection in the Post-Batson Era

10.1093/oso/9780190658113.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara O’Brien ◽

Catherine M. Grosso

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Supreme Court ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Selection Process ◽

Jury Selection ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Psychological Mechanisms ◽

The Us ◽

Us Supreme Court

In Batson v. Kentucky (1986), the US Supreme Court sought to eradicate racial discrimination in jury selection by prohibiting the exercise of peremptory strikes based on race. This chapter reviews the evidence that Batson has failed to protect jurors from race-based strikes and the reasons for this failure. The test for establishing racial discrimination set forth in Batson suffers from design flaws that make its enforcement difficult given common psychological mechanisms at work in the decision-making process and which may be exacerbated by the jury selection process itself. Batson seeks to remedy only intentional discrimination. Moreover, its capacity to ensure diverse juries is limited by the stages of jury selection that precede its application. Enforcing Batson effectively is critical to the system’s integrity, but no simple solutions exist to remedy the stubborn persistence of racial bias in jury selection. All of this suggests that measures are needed to strengthen Batson’s protections.

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Keeping Race at the Center of School Discipline Practices and Trauma-Informed Care: An Interprofessional Framework

Children & Schools ◽

10.1093/cs/cdaa013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 161-170

Author(s):

Andrea Asha Joseph ◽

Serena M Wilcox ◽

Rebecca J Hnilica ◽

Mary C Hansen

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Critical Race Theory ◽

School Counselors ◽

School Psychologists ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Race And Racism ◽

Trauma Informed Care ◽

Trauma Informed ◽

Mental Health Practices ◽

Trauma Informed Practice

Abstract Given the unique forms of trauma that some Black and Brown youths are exposed to, and the salience of race and racial bias in discipline decision making, this article proposes that discipline interventions should be both race centered and trauma informed. Using critical race theory (CRT), trauma-informed practice literature, and restorative practice philosophies, this article presents a framework that highlights how schools can incorporate racial equity into mental health practices and discipline decision making with students. Namely, CRT tenets such as the centrality of race and racism, challenging the dominant perspective, valuing experiential knowledge, and the commitment to social justice guide authors’ recommendations on discipline decision making. Using an interprofessional perspective, this framework delineates how school social workers, school psychologists, and school counselors can support their schools to integrate interprofessional, trauma-informed, and race-centered practices into a behavioral intervention. Ultimately, this article provides interpersonal, practice, and structural recommendations that can help practitioners engage in equitable discipline decision making.

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