The effect of substrate on prey capture does not match natural substrate use in a wolf spider

2021 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Pablo Meza ◽  
Damian O. Elias ◽  
Malcolm F. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Natural Substrate ◽  
Substrate Use

scholarly journals Proteotranscriptomic Insights into the Venom Composition of the Wolf Spider Lycosa tarantula

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Dominique Koua ◽  
Rosanna Mary ◽  
Anicet Ebou ◽  
Celia Barrachina ◽  
Khadija El Koulali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Venom Glands ◽  
Ambush Predators ◽  
Venom Proteins

Spider venoms represent an original source of novel compounds with therapeutic and agrochemical potential. Whereas most of the research efforts have focused on large mygalomorph spiders, araneomorph spiders are equally promising but require more sensitive and sophisticated approaches given their limited size and reduced venom yield. Belonging to the latter group, the genus Lycosa (“wolf spiders”) contains many species widely distributed throughout the world. These spiders are ambush predators that do not build webs but instead rely strongly on their venom for prey capture. Lycosa tarantula is one of the largest species of wolf spider, but its venom composition is unknown. Using a combination of RNA sequencing of the venom glands and venom proteomics, we provide the first overview of the peptides and proteins produced by this iconic Mediterranean spider. Beside the typical small disulfide rich neurotoxins, several families of proteins were also identified, including cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) and Hyaluronidases. Proteomic analysis of the electrically stimulated venom validated 30 of these transcriptomic sequences, including nine putative neurotoxins and eight venom proteins. Interestingly, LC-MS venom profiles of manual versus electric stimulation, as well as female versus male, showed some marked differences in mass distribution. Finally, we also present some preliminary data on the biological activity of L. tarantula crude venom.

Multiple feeding in wolf spiders: the effect of starvation on handling time, ingestion rate, and intercatch intervals in Lycosa lapidosa (Araneae : Lycosidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. Framenau ◽  
L. A. Finley ◽  
K. Allan ◽  
M. Love ◽  
D. Shirley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Acheta Domestica ◽  
Multiple Feeding ◽  
Prey Items

Multiple prey capture, the behaviour of a predator attacking prey whilst handling a previously caught item, occurs in a variety of spiders that do not build webs. The effects of recent feeding history on the frequency of multiple prey attacks, handling time, ingestion rate, and intercatch intervals were examined experimentally in the wolf spider Lycosa lapidosa McKay. Juvenile spiders were subjected to two different feeding regimes (starvation for 14 and 28 days) and then provided with two different prey types (blowflies, Lucilia cuprina, and crickets, Acheta domestica). These two starvation levels or prey types had little effect on the frequency (75%) of multiple prey attacks. Spiders ingested approximately half the weight of any captured prey, regardless of how many prey items they attacked. At the same time, the handling time per prey item decreased with an increasing number of prey attacked. This indicates a more efficient ingestion rate when more prey are consumed. While the attacking time for the first prey was the same for all treatments, the first intercatch interval was longer for spiders that were starved longer. Chronically starved L. lapidosa appear to secure a previously caught item rather than optimise their capture rate by attacking further available prey.

scholarly journals Dome-shaped functional response induced by nutrient imbalance of the prey

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berith B. Bressendorff ◽  
Søren Toft
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reproductive Females

Nutritional ecological theory predicts that predators should adjust prey capture and consumption rates depending on the prey's nutritional composition. This would affect the predator's functional response, at least at high prey densities, i.e. near predator satiation. Using a simple fruitfly-wolf spider laboratory system in Petri dishes, we found that functional responses changed from day to day over a 7 day period. After 1 to 2 days of feeding, dome-shaped functional responses (i.e. reduced predation at highest prey densities) appeared in spiders fed nutritionally imbalanced prey, compared with steadily increasing or asymptotic functional responses with nutritionally near-optimal prey. Later again (days 5–7), the difference disappeared as the level of the functional response was reduced in both treatments. Experiments with adult females in spring and subadult spiders in autumn revealed opposite patterns: a dome-shaped response with high-lipid prey for reproductive females, for which protein-rich prey are optimal, and a dome-shaped (or simply reduced) response with high-protein prey for pre-winter subadults, for which high-lipid flies are the optimal prey. Our results have implications for predation theory and models of biological control that have, so far, neglected nutritional aspects; in particular, the dynamic nutritional state of the predators should be incorporated.

Neighborhood effects on territorial aggregations of the burrowing wolf spider Geolycosa xera archboldi McCrone (Araneae: Lycosidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Neighbor Distance ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Distance

The effects of territorial neighbors on the foraging success of a burrowing wolf spider, Geolycosa xera archboldi McCrone, were examined in the field in central Florida, U.S.A. The rates of mass gain by juveniles were quantified and related to the following burrow neighborhood characteristics: mean nearest-neighbor size, mean nearest-neighbor distance, and mean number of neighbors within 1 m of the focal animal's burrow. Only nearest-neighbor size was correlated (negatively) with mass gain. Field tests with provisioned prey showed that larger neighbors were both more likely to take prey in a zone of territorial overlap and to do so sooner than smaller neighbors. Tests for exploitative competition using paired adhesive traps to mimic pairs of neighboring spiders were conducted at the mean nearest-neighbor distance for the population (30 cm) to model territorial dyads and pairs of traps at random smaller distances to model nonterritorial dyads. There was no difference in rates of prey capture by pairs of traps at the territorial distance and the shorter distances, indicating that resource depletion may not explain the patterns observed.

Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Has Contrasting Effects on Prey Capture by Two Co-Occurring Wolf Spider Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1247-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Rittman ◽  
Kerri M. Wrinn ◽  
Samuel C. Evans ◽  
Alex W. Webb ◽  
Ann L. Rypstra
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Spider Species

Increased Economy of Cardiac Substrate Use during Maturation of Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schwarzer ◽  
S. Freiburger ◽  
R. Dormann ◽  
H. Kirov ◽  
G. Färber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Use

Dominance determines fish community biomass in a temperate seagrass ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Matthius Eger ◽  
Rebecca J. Best ◽  
Julia Kathleen Baum
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Community Biomass ◽  
Ecosystem Valuation ◽  
Species Abundances

Biodiversity and ecosystem function are often correlated, but there are multiple hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Ecosystem functions such as primary or secondary production may be maximized by species richness, evenness in species abundances, or the presence or dominance of species with certain traits. Here, we combined surveys of natural fish communities (conducted in July and August, 2016) with morphological trait data to examine relationships between diversity and ecosystem function (quantified as fish community biomass) across 14 subtidal eelgrass meadows in the Northeast Pacific (54° N 130° W). We employed both taxonomic and functional trait measures of diversity to investigate if ecosystem function is driven by species diversity (complementarity hypothesis) or by the presence or dominance of species with particular trait values (selection or dominance hypotheses). After controlling for environmental variation, we found that fish community biomass is maximized when taxonomic richness and functional evenness is low, and in communities dominated by species with particular trait values – those associated with benthic habitats and prey capture. While previous work on fish communities has found that species richness is positively correlated with ecosystem function, our results instead highlight the capacity for regionally prevalent and locally dominant species to drive ecosystem function in moderately diverse communities. We discuss these alternate links between community composition and ecosystem function and consider their divergent implications for ecosystem valuation and conservation prioritization.

PERSIAN GARDENS IN COLD AND DRY CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY OF TABRIZ’S HISTORICAL GARDENS

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi ◽  
Farnaz Nazarzadeh ◽  
Elnaz Nazarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Natural Substrate ◽  
Garden Design ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
North West ◽  
Special Expertise

Throughout history, gardens and garden designing has been in the attention of Persian architects who had special expertise in the construction of gardens. The appearance of Islam and allegories of paradise taken from that in Koran and Saints’ sayings gave spirituality to garden construction. Climate conditions have also had an important role in this respect but little research has been done about it and most of the investigations have referred to spiritual aspects and forms of garden. The cold and dry climate that has enveloped parts of West and North West of Iran has many gardens with different forms and functions, which have not been paid much attention to by studies done so far. The aim of this paper is to identify the features and specifications of cold and dry climate gardens with an emphasis on Tabriz’s Gardens.  Due to its natural and strategic situation, Tabriz has always been in the attention of governments throughout history; travellers and tourists have mentioned Tabriz as a city that has beautiful gardens. But, the earthquakes and wars have left no remains of those beautiful gardens. This investigation, by a comparative study of the climates in Iran and the effect of those climates on the formation of gardens and garden design, tries to identify the features and characteristics of gardens in cold and dry climate. The method of study is interpretive-historical on the basis of written documents and historic features and field study of existing gardens in this climate. The results show that, with respect to natural substrate, vegetation, the form of water supply, and the general form of the garden; gardens in dry and cold climate are different from gardens in other climates.

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