Offline optimal energy management strategies considering high dynamics in batteries and constraints on fuel cell system power rate: From analytical derivation to validation on test bench

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 116152
Author(s):  
Hujun Peng ◽  
Zhu Chen ◽  
Jianxiang Li ◽  
Kai Deng ◽  
Steffen Dirkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Power Rate ◽  
Optimal Energy Management ◽  
High Dynamics ◽  
System Power

Analysis of Effects of Fuel Cell System Dynamics on Optimal Energy Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wu ◽  
Ming Kuang ◽  
Milos Milacic ◽  
Xiaowu Zhang ◽  
Jing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Load Following ◽  
Optimal Energy Management ◽  
Level 1

Dynamic characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system can impact fuel economy and load following performance of a fuel cell vehicle, especially if those dynamics are ignored in designing top-level energy management strategy. To quantify the effects of fuel cell system (FCS) dynamics on optimal energy management, dynamic programming (DP) is adopted in this study to derive optimal power split strategies at two levels: Level 1, where the FCS dynamics are ignored, and Level 2, where the FCS dynamics are incorporated. Analysis is performed to quantify the differences of these two resulting strategies to understand the effects of FCS dynamics. While Level 1 DP provides significant computational advantages, the resulting strategy leads to load following errors that need to be mitigated using battery or FCS itself. Our analysis shows that up to 5% fuel economy penalty on New York city cycle (NYCC) and 3% on supplemental federal test procedure (US06) can be resulted by ignoring FCS dynamics, when the dominant dynamics of the FCS has settling time as slow as 8 seconds.

Optimal energy management of a fuel cell-battery-supercapacitor-powered hybrid tramway using a multi-objective approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Zhang ◽  
Jibin Yang ◽  
Jiye Zhang ◽  
Pengyun Song ◽  
Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Optimal Energy Management ◽  
Fuel Costs

Achieving an optimal operating cost is a challenge for the development of hybrid tramways. In the past few years, in addition to fuel costs, the lifespan of the power source is being increasingly considered as an important factor that influences the operating cost of a tramway. In this work, an optimal energy management strategy based on a multi-mode strategy and optimisation algorithm is described for a high-power fuel cell hybrid tramway. The objective of optimisation is to decrease the operating costs under the conditions of guaranteeing tramway performance. Besides the fuel costs, the replacement cost and initial investment of all power units are also considered in the cost model, which is expressed in economic terms. Using two optimisation algorithms, a multi-population genetic algorithm and an artificial fish swarm algorithm, the hybrid system's power targets for the energy management strategy were acquired using the multi-objective optimisation. The selected case study includes a low-floor light rail vehicle, and experimental validations were performed using a hardware-in-the-loop workbench. The results testify that an optimised energy management strategy can fulfil the operational requirements, reduce the daily operation costs and improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system for a hybrid tramway.

Adaptive Equivalent Factors of Multi-Objective Energy Management for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Junmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Equivalent Factor

Abstract In this paper, a multi-objective energy management strategy with an adaptive equivalent factor is proposed to improve the fuel economy, system durability, and charge-sustenance performance of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. Firstly, the total hydrogen consumption and degradation cost of power sources can be calculated by flexible empirical models. Then, the multi-objective optimization problem can be transformed into an objective function, which can be solved by quadratic programming to improve the real-time performance. Furthermore, an adaptive Unscented Kalman filter is designed to estimate the aging state of the fuel cell system. The equivalent factor in the objective function can be adaptively updated by the estimated aging state, which can balance the conflict between the fuel economy and the system durability while keeping the state-of-charge in an ideal range. Finally, simulation results show that when the fuel cell system is obviously damaged during the operation, the proposed energy management strategy still can minimize the total cost and maintain the charge-sustenance performance under different driving cycles compared with other methods.

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