Experienced and remembered pleasure for meals: Duration neglect but minimal peak, end (recency) or primacy effects

Research in a few U.S. states has shown that candidates listed first on ballots gain extra votes as a result. This study explored name order effects for the first time in New Hampshire, where such effects might be weak or entirely absent because of high political engagement and the use of party column ballots. In general elections (in 2012 and 2016) for federal offices and the governorship and in primaries (in 2000, 2002, and 2004), evidence of primacy effects appeared in 86% of the 84 tests, including the 2016 presidential race, when Donald Trump gained 1.7 percentage points from first listing, and Hillary Clinton gained 1.5 percentage points. Consistent with theoretical predictions, primacy effects were larger in primaries and for major-party candidates in general elections than for non-major-party candidates in general elections, more pronounced in less publicized contests, and stronger in contests without an incumbent running. All of this constitutes evidence of the reliability and generalizability of evidence on candidate name order effects and their moderators.

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Modeling the role of frontal lobes in sequential task performance. I. Basic structure and primacy effects

Neural Networks ◽

10.1016/s0893-6080(05)80165-0 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 7 (6-7) ◽

pp. 1167-1180 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Raju S. Bapi ◽

Daniel S. Levine

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Basic Structure ◽

Frontal Lobes ◽

Sequential Task ◽

Primacy Effects

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The Basis of the Primacy Effect: Some Experiments with Running Memory

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/00335557743000026 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 49-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Robert Hockey ◽

Peter Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Memory Span ◽

Rebound Effect ◽

Orienting Response ◽

Primacy Effect ◽

Necessary Condition ◽

Primacy Effects ◽

Selective Rehearsal

Five experiments using the “running memory span” (RMS) technique are reported, in which subjects attempt to recall a specified number of items from the end of long sequences of digits, presented at a rate of 2/s. In Experiments I–III critical lists are included in the series which are exactly equal in length to the specified recall series. Despite the RMS set, these critical lists exhibit (I) marked primacy effects, and (2) an impairment in recall of terminal items (a “rebound effect”), compared to the baseline RMS performance. The rebound effect occurs (Experiments IV and V) even when recall of earlier items is not required. These two phenomena are robust: they occur in different experiments in which, rehearsal patterns, report order, expectancies and retrieval load are controlled. The results suggest an origin for primacy which is of a perceptual (i.e. pre-storage) nature, and that selective rehearsal is not a necessary condition for the effect to occur. A possible role of habituation of the orienting response in this phenomenon is discussed.

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