The Basis of the Primacy Effect: Some Experiments with Running Memory

1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hockey ◽  
Peter Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Memory Span ◽  
Rebound Effect ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Selective Rehearsal

Five experiments using the “running memory span” (RMS) technique are reported, in which subjects attempt to recall a specified number of items from the end of long sequences of digits, presented at a rate of 2/s. In Experiments I–III critical lists are included in the series which are exactly equal in length to the specified recall series. Despite the RMS set, these critical lists exhibit (I) marked primacy effects, and (2) an impairment in recall of terminal items (a “rebound effect”), compared to the baseline RMS performance. The rebound effect occurs (Experiments IV and V) even when recall of earlier items is not required. These two phenomena are robust: they occur in different experiments in which, rehearsal patterns, report order, expectancies and retrieval load are controlled. The results suggest an origin for primacy which is of a perceptual (i.e. pre-storage) nature, and that selective rehearsal is not a necessary condition for the effect to occur. A possible role of habituation of the orienting response in this phenomenon is discussed.

The capacity of short term memory from an evolutionary perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Manoochehri
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Memory span in humans has been intensely studied for more than a century. In spite of the critical role of memory span in our cognitive system, which intensifies the importance of fundamental determinants of its evolution, few studies have investigated it by taking an evolutionary approach. Overall, we know hardly anything about the evolution of memory components. In the present study, I briefly review the experimental studies of memory span in humans and non-human animals and shortly discuss some of the relevant evolutionary hypotheses.

The Temptations of Christ and Other Stories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Stump
Keyword(s):  
Human Person ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Biblical Narratives ◽  
God's Love ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines biblical narratives to illuminate the role of Christ’s passion and death in bringing a person to a life in grace. Reflection on the narratives shows that Christ’s passion and death are a most promising way for God to help a human person to the surrender which is the necessary condition for spiritual and moral regeneration. The stories of the temptations of Christ show the way in which Christ’s suffering and death are connected to justification and sanctification. A person’s ceasing to resist the grace of God and surrendering to God’s love is the pinnacle on which her salvation has to stand. If we focus on this necessary condition for salvation, we can see the reason for Christ’s suffering. What can be gained by weakness that could not be gotten through power is the melting of a heart accustomed to willed loneliness and hardened against joy.

Primacy Effect in Orienting Responses to Auditory Stimuli of Tones and Music

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor B. Simon
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Interstimulus Intervals ◽  
Music Stimulus

This 26 factorial experiment investigated the primacy effect in the orienting response. The type of stimuli (tone or “music”), stimulus intensities (loud or soft), length of adaptation period (same, 5 or 30 sec.; or different, 5 min.), interstimulus intervals (5 or 30 sec.), and sex were studied. College students, 32 males and 32 females were randomly assigned to each group. In the same condition, the tone (or music) was soft (or loud) for 5 sec. (or 30 sec.) in adaptation and was then changed alternately without interruption to loud, soft, etc. (or soft, loud, etc.) for 5 sec. (or 30 sec.). The different condition was identical except for the length of the adaptation period in which the stimuli sounded continuously for 5 min. Analyses of the GSR manifestation of the orienting responses indicated: (a) an over-all primacy effect with the auditory stimuli and (b) the primacy effect occurred in the 5-sec.-same but not in the 30-sec.-same condition as predicted.

Post-Mass-Media and Participation

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Felix Guattari ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Participation ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
New Generation

Three decades after Félix Guattari introduced the concept of "post-mass-media" as a necessary condition of media participation, it is by no means self-evident that his reaction to events leading up to 1989 would still attract a new generation of scholars today. Yet, the concept continually reappears to address the role of technology in democratic participation and the relation between the aesthetic and the political. Originating in discussions of the DFG research group Media and Participation, this issu

Social protests, discontent and politics in southern and eastern Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria da Paz Campos Lima ◽  
Antonio Martín Artiles
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Social Protests

Taking into consideration the debate on the role of social movements and of trade unions in organising social protests, in the light of contentious and conventional politics, this article examines participation in demonstrations in Europe and the political attitudes of the participants. The article uses data from the European Social Survey to examine the differences and similarities between European countries in respect of mobilisation levels over the past decade, arguing that distrust and dissatisfaction with political institutions might be a necessary condition but not a sufficient one to justify resorting to contentious politics. The article reveals the contrasts between the levels of mobilisation in southern European countries (Portugal and Spain) and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (Hungary and Poland) and examines the patterns and (re)configuration of the profile of the protestors in the 2002–2014 period.

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Ian Coller
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Revolution

This concluding chapter reveals that the question of Muslim citizenship and the role of Islam in the republic arose out of the Revolution itself. In short, it did not arise belatedly as a result of colonial and postcolonial Muslim migration to the metropole. Moreover, the results of that consideration can reveal much about the Revolution and its principles. The citizenship of Muslims was not only a contingent possibility but a necessary condition for liberty, equality, and fraternity to be universal principles rather than merely national ones. At the same time, at the heart of the Revolution, until the rupture of its principles in 1798, the Muslim path to citizenship had become a routine process, greeted with the indifference proper to a society of equals, leaving few traces, and for this reason there is no way to know with any exactitude how many individuals followed this path.

Rising or Constrained Power?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eswaran Sridharan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Economic Weight ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Global Influence

This chapter analyses India’s prospects as a rising power by asking what kind of power India has the potential to be, given its military, economic, and institutional capacities and the economic and geostrategic constraints it faces. It argues that while sustained high growth is a necessary condition it is not a sufficient condition since economic growth does not necessarily convert smoothly into greater power. Due to such conversion problems India, like some other powers, might not be able to exercise commensurate regional, extra-regional, and global influence as might appear to follow from the revival of sustained high growth and increased economic weight. The more achievable and likely alternative is that of a coalitional or bridging power that can play the role of an effective partner in the security and other spheres to a range of powers, principally to the United States and in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions.

scholarly journals SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT OF LEADER - IS NECESSARY CONDITION OF HIS EVOLUTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Olexandr Romanovskiy ◽  
Valentyna Mykhaylychenko ◽  
Nina Semke
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Future Leaders ◽  
Modern Era

the content of imposed on a person requirement of the modern era and the need for a new worldview are revealed. The content of the concepts “evolution” and “spirituality” is considered. The role of spirituality in human evolution and the formation of leaders’ worldview is shown. It was emphasized that leader’s worldview should be based on his broad humanitarian training, a new philosophy. The essence, approaches, methods of spiritual, moral and mental improvement and the role of the system of training, education and self-upbringing in the process of training future leaders are revealed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document