A shell-formation related carbonic anhydrase in Crassostrea gigas modulates intracellular calcium against CO2 exposure: Implication for impacts of ocean acidification on mollusk calcification

2017 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 216-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiudan Wang ◽  
Mengqiang Wang ◽  
Zhihao Jia ◽  
Xiaorui Song ◽  
Lingling Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Shell Formation

Silicon Substitution for Calcium in the Shell of the Fingernail Clam, Musculium Transversum Studied By X-Ray Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
Judith A. Murphy ◽  
Anthony Paparo ◽  
Richard Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
River Water ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Shell Formation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molluscan Shell ◽  
Fingernail Clams

Fingernail clams (Muscu1ium transversum) are dominant bottom-dwelling animals in some waters of the midwest U.S. These organisms are key links in food chains leading from nutrients in water and mud to fish and ducks which are utilized by man. In the mid-1950’s, fingernail clams disappeared from a 100-mile section of the Illinois R., a tributary of the Mississippi R. Some factor(s) in the river and/or sediment currently prevent clams from recolonizing areas where they were formerly abundant. Recently, clams developed shell deformities and died without reproducing. The greatest mortality and highest incidence of shell deformities appeared in test chambers containing the highest proportion of river water to well water. The molluscan shell consists of CaCO3, and the tissue concerned in its secretion is the mantle. The source of the carbonate is probably from metabolic CO2 and the maintenance of ionized Ca concentration in the mantle is controlled by carbonic anhydrase. The Ca is stored in extracellular concentric spherical granules(0.6-5.5μm) which represent a large amount of inertCa in the mantle. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the role of raw river water and well water on shell formation in the fingernail clam.

scholarly journals Metabolic cost of calcification in bivalve larvae under experimental ocean acidification

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina A. Frieder ◽  
Scott L. Applebaum ◽  
T.-C. Francis Pan ◽  
Dennis Hedgecock ◽  
Donal T. Manahan
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Shell Formation ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Shell Mass ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Endogenous Reserves

Abstract Physiological increases in energy expenditure frequently occur in response to environmental stress. Although energy limitation is often invoked as a basis for decreased calcification under ocean acidification, energy-relevant measurements related to this process are scant. In this study we focus on first-shell (prodissoconch I) formation in larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The energy cost of calcification was empirically derived to be ≤ 1.1 µJ (ng CaCO3)−1. Regardless of the saturation state of aragonite (2.77 vs. 0.77), larvae utilize the same amount of total energy to complete first-shell formation. Even though there was a 56% reduction of shell mass and an increase in dissolution at aragonite undersaturation, first-shell formation is not energy limited because sufficient endogenous reserves are available to meet metabolic demand. Further studies were undertaken on larvae from genetic crosses of pedigreed lines to test for variance in response to aragonite undersaturation. Larval families show variation in response to ocean acidification, with loss of shell size ranging from no effect to 28%. These differences show that resilience to ocean acidification may exist among genotypes. Combined studies of bioenergetics and genetics are promising approaches for understanding climate change impacts on marine organisms that undergo calcification.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Adhesion and Shell Formation in the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Nardone ◽  
Shrey Patel ◽  
Kyle R. Siegel ◽  
Dana Tedesco ◽  
Conall G. McNicholl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Shell Formation

scholarly journals Near-future levels of ocean acidification do not affect sperm motility and fertilization kinetics in the oyster <i>Crassostrea gigas</i>

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3009-3015 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Havenhand ◽  
P. Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sperm Swimming Speed ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Fertilization Kinetics

Abstract. An increasing number of studies are now reporting the effects of ocean acidification on a broad range of marine species, processes and systems. Many of these are investigating the sensitive early life-history stages that several major reviews have highlighted as being potentially most susceptible to ocean acidification. Nonetheless there remain few investigations of the effects of ocean acidification on the very earliest, and critical, process of fertilization, and still fewer that have investigated levels of ocean acidification relevant for the coming century. Here we report the effects of near-future levels of ocean acidification (≈−0.35 pH unit change) on sperm swimming speed, sperm motility, and fertilization kinetics in a population of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from western Sweden. We found no significant effect of ocean acidification – a result that was well-supported by power analysis. Similar findings from Japan suggest that this may be a globally robust result, and we emphasise the need for experiments on multiple populations from throughout a species' range. We also discuss the importance of sound experimental design and power analysis in meaningful interpretation of non-significant results.

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