Neuronal guidance molecules are increasingly implicated in inflammatory responses. Recently, our group demonstrated enhanced expression of the neuronal guidance molecule EphA2 and its ephrinA1 ligand in mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques, and elucidated a novel proinflammatory function for EphA2 perpetuating proinflammatory gene expression during endothelial cell activation. However, a direct role for Eph/ephrins in atherosclerosis has never been demonstrated. We now show that knocking out the EphA2 gene in Western diet-fed ApoE mice blunts atherosclerotic plaque location at multiple sites. This reduction in atherosclerosis is associated with decreased monocyte infiltration and diminished expression of proinflammatory genes. EphA2 reduction may affect monocyte homing through multiple mechanisms, since reducing EphA2 expression in cytokine-activated endothelial cells does not affect endothelial adhesion molecule expression or monocyte rolling but significantly decreases firm adhesion in primary human monocytes. Like endothelial cells, plaque macrophages also express EphA2, and macrophages derived from EphA2 deficient mice show diminished expression of M1 marker genes and enhanced expression of M2 marker genes compared to their ApoE counterparts. Surprisingly, EphA2 deficient mice show significantly elevated plasma cholesterol. However, this elevation does not involve increased LDL levels but instead occurs due to elevations in plasma HDL levels. Taken together, the current data suggest EphA2 inhibition results in a multifaceted protective effect on experimental atherosclerosis characterized by reduced endothelial cell activation, monocyte recruitment, and M1/M2 polarization and enhanced circulating HDL levels.
Phosphorylcholine-targeting vaccination reduces experimental atherosclerosis progression by expanding the B1 like specific B cell pool
