scholarly journals Spatial distribution of residential wood combustion emissions in the Nordic countries: How well national inventories represent local emissions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 118712
Author(s):  
Ville-Veikko Paunu ◽  
Niko Karvosenoja ◽  
David Segersson ◽  
Susana López-Aparicio ◽  
Ole-Kenneth Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Local Emissions

scholarly journals Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (PB-ROS) emissions and formation pathways in residential wood smoke under different combustion and aging conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 6985-7000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Peter Zotter ◽  
Emily A. Bruns ◽  
Giulia Stefenelli ◽  
Deepika Bhattu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Aging Conditions ◽  
Combustion Regimes

Abstract. Wood combustion emissions can induce oxidative stress in the human respiratory tract by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aerosol particles, which are emitted either directly or formed through oxidation in the atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the particle-bound ROS (PB-ROS) generation potential of wood combustion emissions, a suite of smog chamber (SC) and potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber experiments were conducted under well-determined conditions for different combustion devices and technologies, different fuel types, operation methods, combustion regimes, combustion phases, and aging conditions. The PB-ROS content and the chemical properties of the aerosols were quantified by a novel ROS analyzer using the DCFH (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin) assay and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). For all eight combustion devices tested, primary PB-ROS concentrations substantially increased upon aging. The level of primary and aged PB-ROS emission factors (EFROS) were dominated by the combustion device (within different combustion technologies) and to a greater extent by the combustion regimes: the variability within one device was much higher than the variability of EFROS from different devices. Aged EFROS under bad combustion conditions were ∼ 2–80 times higher than under optimum combustion conditions. EFROS from automatically operated combustion devices were on average 1 order of magnitude lower than those from manually operated devices, which indicates that automatic combustion devices operated at optimum conditions to achieve near-complete combustion should be employed to minimize PB-ROS emissions. The use of an electrostatic precipitator decreased the primary and aged ROS emissions by a factor of ∼ 1.5 which is however still within the burn-to-burn variability. The parameters controlling the PB-ROS formation in secondary organic aerosol were investigated by employing a regression model, including the fractions of the mass-to-charge ratios m∕z 44 and 43 in secondary organic aerosol (SOA; f44−SOA and f43−SOA), the OH exposure, and the total organic aerosol mass. The regression model results of the SC and PAM chamber aging experiments indicate that the PB-ROS content in SOA seems to increase with the SOA oxidation state, which initially increases with OH exposure and decreases with the additional partitioning of semi-volatile components with lower PB-ROS content at higher OA concentrations, while further aging seems to result in a decay of PB-ROS. The results and the special data analysis methods deployed in this study could provide a model for PB-ROS analysis of further wood or other combustion studies investigating different combustion conditions and aging methods.

scholarly journals Characterization of gas-phase organics using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry: fresh and aged residential wood combustion emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Bruns ◽  
Jay G. Slowik ◽  
Imad El Haddad ◽  
Dogushan Kilic ◽  
Felix Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Organic Gases

Abstract. Organic gases emitted during the flaming phase of residential wood combustion are characterized individually and by functionality using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The evolution of the organic gases is monitored during photochemical aging. Primary gaseous emissions are dominated by oxygenated species (e.g., acetic acid, acetaldehyde, phenol and methanol), many of which have deleterious health effects and play an important role in atmospheric processes such as secondary organic aerosol formation and ozone production. Residential wood combustion emissions differ considerably from open biomass burning in both absolute magnitude and relative composition. Ratios of acetonitrile, a potential biomass burning marker, to CO are considerably lower (~ 0.09 pptv ppbv−1) than those observed in air masses influenced by open burning (~ 1–2 pptv ppbv−1), which may make differentiation from background levels difficult, even in regions heavily impacted by residential wood burning. Considerable formic acid forms during aging (~ 200–600 mg kg−1 at an OH exposure of (4.5–5.5) × 107 molec  cm−3 h), indicating residential wood combustion can be an important local source for this acid, the quantities of which are currently underestimated in models. Phthalic anhydride, a naphthalene oxidation product, is also formed in considerable quantities with aging (~ 55–75 mg kg−1 at an OH exposure of (4.5–5.5) × 107 molec  cm−3 h). Although total NMOG emissions vary by up to a factor of ~ 9 between burns, SOA formation potential does not scale with total NMOG emissions and is similar in all experiments. This study is the first thorough characterization of both primary and aged organic gases from residential wood combustion and provides a benchmark for comparison of emissions generated under different burn parameters.

scholarly journals Inter-comparison of laboratory smog chamber and flow reactor systems on organic aerosol yield and composition

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Bruns ◽  
I. El Haddad ◽  
A. Keller ◽  
F. Klein ◽  
N. K. Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Smog Chamber ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Smog Chambers ◽  
Composition Of Products

Abstract. A variety of tools are used to simulate atmospheric aging, including smog chambers and flow reactors. Traditional, large-scale smog chambers age emissions over the course of hours to days, whereas flow reactors rapidly age emissions using high oxidant concentrations to reach higher degrees of oxygenation than typically attained in smog chamber experiments. The atmospheric relevance of the products generated under such rapid oxidation warrants further study. However, no previously published studies have compared the yields and chemical composition of products generated in flow reactors and smog chambers from the same starting mixture. The yields and composition of the organic aerosol formed from the photo-oxidation of α-pinene and of wood combustion emissions were determined using aerosol mass spectrometry in a smog chamber (SC) and two flow reactors: a potential aerosol mass reactor (PAM) and a micro-smog chamber (MSC). Reactants were sampled from the SC and aged in the MSC and PAM using a range of hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations and then photo-chemically aged in the SC. The maximum yields/emission factors and the chemical composition of the products in both the α-pinene and wood combustion systems determined with the PAM and SC agreed reasonably well. High OH exposures have been shown previously to lower yields by breaking carbon-carbon bonds and forming higher volatility species, which reside largely in the gas phase, however, fragmentation in the PAM was not observed. The yields determined using the PAM for the α-pinene system were slightly lower than in the SC, possibly from increased wall losses of gas-phase species due to the higher surface area to volume ratios in the PAM, even when offset with better isolation of the sampled flow from the walls. The α-pinene SOA results for the MSC were not directly comparable, as particles were smaller than the optimal AMS transmission range. For the wood combustion system, emission factors measured by the MSC were typically lower than those from the SC, possibly due to nucleation mode particles not observed by the AMS or the condensational loss of gases to the walls inside or after the MSC. The chemical composition of products in the flow reactors and SC were in reasonable agreement in both systems. The emission factors determined using the flow reactors increased relative to the SC when the wood combustion emissions contained higher fractions of aromatic compounds, suggesting that the performance of the flow reactors may be dependent on the chemical composition of the reactants.

scholarly journals Emission factors for SLCP emissions from residential wood combustion in the Nordic countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kindbom ◽  
Ingrid Mawdsley ◽  
Ole-Kenneth Nielsen ◽  
Kristina Saarinen ◽  
Kári Jónsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Wood Combustion

Wood combustion particles induce adverse effects to normal and diseased airway epithelia

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Krapf ◽  
Lisa Künzi ◽  
Sandrine Allenbach ◽  
Emily A. Bruns ◽  
Ilaria Gavarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Airway Epithelia ◽  
Combustion Particles ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Specific Health

Particulate matter from direct wood combustion emissions and their subsequent atmospheric oxidation affects airway epithelia of specific health status due to a combined effect of several chemical constituents.

scholarly journals Characterization of gas-phase organics using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry: fresh and aged residential wood combustion emissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 705-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Bruns ◽  
Jay G. Slowik ◽  
Imad El Haddad ◽  
Dogushan Kilic ◽  
Felix Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Combustion Emissions ◽  
Organic Gases

Abstract. Organic gases emitted during the flaming phase of residential wood combustion are characterized individually and by functionality using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The evolution of the organic gases is monitored during photochemical aging. Primary gaseous emissions are dominated by oxygenated species (e.g., acetic acid, acetaldehyde, phenol and methanol), many of which have deleterious health effects and play an important role in atmospheric processes such as secondary organic aerosol formation and ozone production. Residential wood combustion emissions differ considerably from open biomass burning in both absolute magnitude and relative composition. Ratios of acetonitrile, a potential biomass burning marker, to CO are considerably lower ( ∼  0.09 pptv ppbv−1) than those observed in air masses influenced by open burning ( ∼  1–2 pptv ppbv−1), which may make differentiation from background levels difficult, even in regions heavily impacted by residential wood burning. A considerable amount of formic acid forms during aging ( ∼  200–600 mg kg−1 at an OH exposure of (4.5–5.5)  ×  107 molec cm−3 h), indicating residential wood combustion can be an important local source for this acid, the quantities of which are currently underestimated in models. Phthalic anhydride, a naphthalene oxidation product, is also formed in considerable quantities with aging ( ∼  55–75 mg kg−1 at an OH exposure of (4.5–5.5)  ×  107 molec cm−3 h). Although total NMOG emissions vary by up to a factor of  ∼  9 between burns, SOA formation potential does not scale with total NMOG emissions and is similar in all experiments. This study is the first thorough characterization of both primary and aged organic gases from residential wood combustion and provides a benchmark for comparison of emissions generated under different burn parameters.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document