Evidence-based severity assessment: Impact of repeated versus single open-field testing on welfare in C57BL/6J mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 336 ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Bodden ◽  
Sophie Siestrup ◽  
Rupert Palme ◽  
Sylvia Kaiser ◽  
Norbert Sachser ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 096368972092027
Author(s):  
Wesley M. Tierney ◽  
Toni L. Uhlendorf ◽  
Aaron J.J. Lemus ◽  
Bianca A. Ortega ◽  
Jesse Magaña ◽  
...  

The spastic Han Wistar (sHW) rat serves as a model for human ataxia presenting symptoms of motor deterioration, weight loss, shortened lifespan, and Purkinje neuron loss. Past studies revealed that human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) improved ataxic symptoms at 20 d posttransplantation in sHW rats. In this study, we investigated the fate and longer-term effectiveness of these transplanted NPCs. Rats were placed into four treatment groups: an untreated normal control group ( n = 10), an untreated mutant rat control ( n = 10), a mutant group that received an injection of dead NPCs ( n = 9), and a mutant group that received live NPCs ( n = 10). Bilateral cerebellar injections containing 500,000 of either live or dead NPCs were performed on mutant sHW rats at 40 d of age. Motor activity for all mutant rats started to decline in open field testing around day 35. However, at day 45, the live NPC-treated mutants exhibited significant improvements in open field activity. Similar improvements were observed during rotarod testing and weight gain through the completion of the experiments (100 d). Immunohistochemistry revealed few surviving human NPCs in the cerebella of 80- and 100-d-old NPC-treated mutants; while cresyl violet staining revealed that live NPC-treated mutants had significantly more surviving Purkinje neurons compared to mutants that were untreated or received dead NPCs. Direct stereotactic implantation of NPCs alleviated the symptoms of ataxia, acting as a neuroprotectant, supporting future clinical applications of these NPCs in the areas of ataxia as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.


2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Herskin ◽  
K. H. Jensen

AbstractEffects of open field testing and associated handling (including blood sampling) v. handling (with blood sampling) alone on adrenocortical reactivity were investigated in piglets around weaning. After weaning at day 28, piglets were mixed to form eight replicates with three litter each and kept on slatted floors. Treatments were open field/novel object testing and associated handling (OFT + H) v. handling alone (H) (no. = 40). Testing took place on the following days (weaning day 0): -4, 0, 1, 4 and 8 (no. = 16). The open field/novel object test lasted 10 min and blood was sampled by venipuncture before and after the test and/or handling procedures. In the first blood sample, plasma concentration of cortisol did not differ between OFT + H and H piglets. In the second blood sample, however, OFT + H piglets had a higher concentration of cortisol and a larger increase in cortisol than H piglets (P < 0·01). In the first blood sample the concentration of cortisol was affected by day (P < 0·05), with concentration on day -4 being lower than those on day 0, 1, and 4 and the concentration on day 8 was lower than the concentration on day 0 as well. However, no differences were found between days for the second blood sample nor the adrenocortical reactivity. In conclusion, the increase in pre-treatment cortisol in the first 4 days after weaning as well as the lack of changes in the adrenocortical reactivity after weaning suggest that the temporal development of HPA activity and reactivity in piglets after weaning are comparable with other, more standardized long-term stressors. Exposure to an open field/novel object test and associated handling results in higher adrenocortical reactivity than handling alone but the latter (including blood sampling) in itself accounts for proportionately 0·74 of the cortisol response.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Ernst ◽  
Leonie Zieglowski ◽  
Mareike Schulz ◽  
Michaela Moss ◽  
Marco Meyer ◽  
...  

Abstract The Directive 2010/63 EU requires classifying burden and severity in all procedures using laboratory animals. This study evaluated the severity of liver fibrosis induction by intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections in mice. 29 male C57BL/6N mice were treated three times per week for 4 weeks with an intraperitoneal injection (50 µl) of either 0.6 ml/kg body weight CCl4-vehicle solution, germ oil (vehicle-control) or handling only. Severity assessment was performed using serum analysis, behavioral tests (open field test, rotarod, burrowing and nesting behavior), fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) measurement, and survival. The most significant group differences were noticed in the second week of treatment when the highest AST (1463 ± 1404 vs. 123.8 ± 93 U/L, p < 0.0001) and nesting values were measured. In addition, respective animals showed lower moving distances (4622 ± 1577 vs. 6157 ± 2060 cm, p < 0.01) and velocity in the Open field, identified as main factors in principal component analysis (PCA). Overall, a 50% survival rate was observed within the treatment group, in which the open field performance was a good tracer parameter for survival. In summary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of assessing severity in mice using behavioral tests and highlight the open field test as a possible threshold parameter for risk assessment of mortality.


1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1b) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Dalrymple-Alford ◽  
David Benton

Rats that were socially isolated or group-housed at weaning were re-housed at 51 days of age in either the same housing condition or the opposite housing condition until 91 days and throughout subsequent behavioural testing. Increased resistance to extinction of running in an alley and poorer Hebb-Williams maze learning were found only after social isolation between 23 and 51 days of age. In contrast, slower running to reach the water reward during alley training and lower rearing activity at the beginning of open field testing were evident only in rats that were isolated at the time of testing. As in previous studies, open field hyperactivity was found in rats isolated at weaning but slower emergence latency was found in animals isolated at the time of testing. These findings confirm that the many behavioural effects of social isolation at different ages do not reflect a unitary aetiology. The behaviour of rats isolated at weaning is suggestive of a “disinhibition syndrome” but the precise nature of this syndrome is as yet unclear.


Epilepsia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Möller ◽  
Fabio Wolf ◽  
R. Maarten van Dijk ◽  
Valentina Di Liberto ◽  
Vera Russmann ◽  
...  

Bird Behavior ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon G. Gallup, Jr. ◽  
Dawn R. Rager ◽  
Kim W. Scheuerman

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia M Keubler ◽  
Nils Hoppe ◽  
Heidrun Potschka ◽  
Steven R Talbot ◽  
Brigitte Vollmar ◽  
...  

Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However, the path towards a valid study design determining the degree of pain, distress and suffering experienced by the animal is lined with pitfalls and obstacles as we will elucidate in this review. Furthermore, we will ponder on the genesis of a holistic concept relying on multifactorial composite scales. These have to combine robust and reliable parameters to measure the multidimensional aspects that define the severity of animal experiments, generating a basis for the substantiation of the refinement principle.


1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D. Suarez ◽  
Gordon G. Gallup
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Rebecca Bailey ◽  
Natasha Raisch ◽  
Sonya Temko ◽  
Britt Titus ◽  
Jonah Bautista ◽  
...  

Recent studies suggest that social and emotional learning (SEL) programming has the potential to be effective in conflict-affected regions, yet evidence is limited, and findings to date are mixed. One hypothesis about why SEL interventions in education in emergencies (EiE) settings have not generated the anticipated results is that the SEL content and materials have not been sufficiently localized to the context, leading to poor cultural relevance or fit. A second hypothesis is that SEL program demands tend to be high and capacity for implementation is low, undermining sustainability and impact. The current study addresses these challenges by investing in locally driven SEL content and design as a way to ensure that SEL materials are grounded in local values and needs, culturally appropriate, relevant to the specific context, and feasible to implement. The study draws on the developmental and prevention sciences as well as the field of behavioral insights to test evidence-based interventions intended to encourage desired behaviors around uptake and implementation. This paper documents the activities conducted during the project’s design phase, including landscape research, creation of initial prototypes, design workshops and rapid prototyping, and field testing. Findings suggest that using local values, practices, and framing in SEL programming increases relevance and appropriateness for the Northeast Nigeria setting. Furthermore, targeted behavioral insights interventions increased the uptake, habitual and regular use, as well as correct implementation of SEL activities. The findings contribute to the emerging literature on the cultural variability of SEL and the need to consider the context when designing and implementing programs in any setting.


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