Validation and Comparison of a Digital Digit Symbol Substitution (DSST) Task Performed on Smart Phones With a Traditional Paper-Pencil Version

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S132-S133
Author(s):  
Luke Allen ◽  
Elizabeth Baker ◽  
Emily Thorp ◽  
Miriam Evans ◽  
Daniel Thorpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Phones ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution

scholarly journals Discriminant Validity of the WAIS-R Digit Symbol Substitution Test in Subjective Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment (Amnestic Subtype) and Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia (ADD) in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Marianna Tsatali ◽  
Eleni Poptsi ◽  
Despina Moraitou ◽  
Christina Agogiatou ◽  
Evaggelia Bakoglidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease Dementia

Objective: The aim of the current study was to estimate the discriminant potential and validity of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) of the WAIS-R in the Greek elderly population meeting criteria for subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; amnestic subtype), or Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD). Method: Four hundred eighty-eight community-dwelling older adults, visitors of the Day Center of Alzheimer Hellas, participated in the study. Two hundred forty-three of them met the criteria for ADD, one hundred eighty-two for aMCI and sixty-three for SCD. Results: Path analysis indicated that the DSST score is affected by age group, educational level, and diagnostic category, but is not affected by gender. The ROC curve analysis showed that the DSST sum score could perfectly differentiate SCD from ADD patients, whereas test’s discriminant potential between aMCI and dementia ADD’s subtype was satisfactory. However, DSST was unable to separate the SCD from the aMCI group. Conclusion: It appears that the DSST is unable to separate the SCD from aMCI population. Therefore, the test in question may be insensitive to incipient cognitive decline. On the contrary, the discriminant potential of the DSST as regards SCD and ADD is excellent, while discrimination between aMCI and ADD is good.

scholarly journals An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST)

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. McLeod ◽  
Roland R. Griffiths ◽  
George E. Bigelow ◽  
John Yingling
Keyword(s):  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution

Digit Symbol Substitution Test Performance: Sex Differences in a Hebrew-Readers' Health Population

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semion Kertzman ◽  
Zeev Ben-Nahum ◽  
Iosef Gotzlav ◽  
Haim Grinspan ◽  
Moshe Birger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution

scholarly journals Peripheral Insulin Resistance in Cognitively Normal Older Adults Relates to Poorer Performance on a Test for Speed of Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
Aaron Smith ◽  
Matthew Taylor ◽  
Jim Backes ◽  
Juleah Littrell ◽  
Caitlin Boeckman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives Peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose metabolism increases the risk for cognitive decline. However, data looking at peripheral IR's relationship with cognition in cognitively normal adults is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between peripheral IR and tests of speed of processing (SOP) in cognitively normal older adults using a novel IR measure. Methods Baseline data from 56 cognitively normal older adults participating in a nutrition intervention study (Nutrition Interventions for Cognitive Enhancement study; NICE study) were analyzed. Fasting blood draws were attained, and peripheral IR was measured using Quest Diagnostics’ Cardio IQ Insulin Resistance Panel (Test Code: 36,509). A cognitive battery was conducted by a trained psychometrician. Z-Scores of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Stroop Color, Stroop Word, Stroop Interference, and Stroop Letter Number Sequencing and Crossing-Off tests were combined to give a global SOP score. We constructed ordinary least squares regression models to assess IR's relationships with individual SOP tests and global SOP, including age and education as covariates. Statistical analyses were performed using R (v. 3.6.2; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Participants were 77% female and had a mean age of 72.1 ± 4.9 years. Higher IR scores were related to poorer performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (β = −0.26, P = 0.04). IR scores were not related to other individual cognitive tests: Stroop Color (β = −0.17, P = 0.20), Stroop Word (β = −0.19, P = 0.11), Stroop Interference (β = −0.14, P = 0.28), Stroop Letter Number Sequencing (β = 0.03, P = 0.83), Crossing-Off (β = −0.18, P = 0.15), or Global SOP (β = −0.20, P = 0.11). Conclusions There was a relationship between higher IR scores and poorer performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Although other SOP tests were not significantly correlated with IR scores, directionality of the relationships indicated trend for higher IR being related to lower SOP. Consequently, maintaining insulin sensitivity with healthy lifestyle choices may be important for healthy aging. Future analyses with a larger sample size will be more informative for understanding the relationship between IR and SOP. Funding Sources National Institute on Aging.

Digit Symbol Substitution Test

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianne Magouirk Bettcher ◽  
David J. Libon ◽  
Edith Kaplan ◽  
Rod Swenson ◽  
Dana L. Penney
Keyword(s):  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution

Bispectral Index Monitoring during Sedation with Sevoflurane, Midazolam, and Propofol

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 1151-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andra E. Ibrahim ◽  
Julie K. Taraday ◽  
Evan D. Kharasch
Keyword(s):  
Bispectral Index ◽  
Anesthetic Management ◽  
Sedation Score ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Prediction Probability ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Wide Variability

Background Bispectral Index (BIS) has been used to measure sedation depth. Ideally, to guide anesthetic management, range of BIS scores at different sedation levels should not overlap, and BIS should be independent of drug used. This study assessed ability of BIS to predict sedation depth between sevoflurane, propofol, and midazolam. Quality of recovery was also compared. Methods Patients undergoing surgery with local or regional anesthesia and sedation were randomized to sevoflurane (n = 23), midazolam (n = 21), or propofol (n = 22). Sedation was titrated to Observers's Assessment of Alertness-Sedation score of 3 (responds slowly to voice). BIS and Observers's Assessment of Alertness-Sedation were measured every 5 min. BIS prediction probability (PK) was compared between drugs. Recovery was assessed by BIS and Digit Symbol Substitution and memory tests. Results Bispectral Index of responders to voice was significantly different from nonresponders (86 +/- 10 vs. 74 +/- 14, mean +/- SD; P < 0.001) However, wide variability and overlap in BIS were observed (25th-75th percentile, responders vs. non-responders: 79-96 vs. 65-83). BIS of responders was different for sevoflurane versus propofol and midazolam. BIS was a better predictor of propofol sedation than sevoflurane or midazolam (PK = 0.87 +/- 0.11, 0.76 +/- 0.01, and 0.69 +/- 0.02, respectively; P < 0.05). At 10 min after the procedure, 76, 48, and 24% of sevoflurane, propofol, midazolam patients, respectively, returned to baseline Digit Symbol Substitution scores (P < 0.05). Excitement-disinhibition occurred in 70, 36, and 5% of sevoflurane, propofol, and midazolam patients, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion Individual BIS scores demonstrate significant variability, making it difficult to predict sedation depth. The relation between BIS and sedation depth may not be independent of anesthetic agent. Quality of recovery was similar between drugs, but excitement occurred frequently with sevoflurane.

The Effects of Praise and Reproof on the Performance of Middle Aged and Older Subjects

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles V. Lair ◽  
W. Harold Moon
Keyword(s):  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Verbal Feedback ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Older Subjects

Aged (n=33) and middle-aged (n-33) Ss were compared on a digit symbol substitution task under three conditions of verbal feedback incentive: praise, reproof, and neutral comment. Elderly Ss appeared to show decrement while middle-aged Ss showed increment under the censure condition. Elderly Ss showed early gains with praise but these were not significantly sustained through later trials as compared to controls. An analysis of “fast” and “slow” responders suggested that the fast-responding aged showed greatest decrement with censure while the middle-aged slow responders showed a tendency toward an increment with censure.

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