Effects of social interaction on monocular/unihemispheric sleep in male and female domestic chicks

The aims of this research is to analyse about the differences of emotional lexicon used by male and female communication in South Kuta-Bali when they used Balinese language in their daily interaction. The scope of male and female is closely related to the social behavior which includes the social identity of male and female in society and this becomes the basis of how the language is used in this context of social. This research is interested to uncover more how people use language in terms of expressing their emotional in social interaction. This study is a sociolinguistic approach used the theory from Hickey, Raymon (2010). The data source in this study is the south Kuta community who use Balinese language in social interactions. The Data collection is done by observation, interview, recording and note taking and descriptive qualitative method is applied to analyze the data. The result of the analysis found that the emotional lexical is used by the male and female in their social interaction, it could mention that both Augmentatives and Euphemisms is used by male and female in their social interaction however the augmentative is mostly used by female in informal occasion. Balinese female often used prohibition instead of imperative in expressing her idea about ordering someone to do something. In the other hand, the male directly used imperative sentence in ordering something. He usually does not use many awkwardness to say his point in a conversation. This may be considered that the male often go to the straight point when expressing his idea. Keywords: Emotional Lexicon, Male and Female

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Responses of male and female domestic chicks to a startling stimulus and the effects of a tranquilliser

Behavioural Processes ◽

10.1016/0376-6357(80)90063-7 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 161-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R.B. Jones

Keyword(s):

Male And Female ◽

Domestic Chicks ◽

Startling Stimulus

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Isolation rearing attenuates social interaction-induced expression of immediate early gene protein products in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats

Physiology & Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 440-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Vanessa L. Wall ◽

Eva K. Fischer ◽

Sondra T. Bland

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Female Rats ◽

Early Gene ◽

Immediate Early ◽

Isolation Rearing ◽

Induced Expression ◽

Male And Female ◽

Male And Female Rats

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Social interaction with an alcohol-intoxicated or cocaine-injected peer selectively alters social behaviors and drinking in adolescent male and female rats

10.1101/718866 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Danielle M. Gamble ◽

Chloe C. Josefson ◽

Mary K. Hennessey ◽

Ashley M. Davis ◽

Renee C. Waters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Alcohol Drinking ◽

Social Play ◽

Social Behaviors ◽

Ethanol Intake ◽

Female Rats ◽

Adolescent Male ◽

Saccharin Consumption ◽

Male And Female ◽

Male And Female Rats

AbstractBackgroundDrinking alcohol is facilitated by social interactions with peers, especially during adolescence. The importance of peer social influences during adolescence on alcohol and substance use have recently received more attention. We have shown that social interaction with an alcohol-intoxicated peer influences adolescent alcohol drinking differently in male and female rats using the demonstrator-observer paradigm. The present set of experiments analyzed the social interaction session to determine behaviors that influence alcohol drinking in adolescent male and female rats.MethodsSpecifically, in experiment one we determined which behaviors were altered during social interaction with an alcohol-intoxicated demonstrator and assessed changes in ethanol intake in adolescent observers. Experiment two examined changes in voluntary saccharin consumption to determine if social interaction with an alcohol-intoxicated demonstrator altered consumption of a palatable solution. In experiment three, we administered a low (5 mg/kg) or high (20 mg/kg) dose of cocaine to the demonstrator and assessed changes in the adolescent observers to determine if social interaction with a ‘drugged’ peer altered social behaviors and voluntary ethanol intake.ResultsWe showed that social interaction with an alcohol-intoxicated demonstrator (1) decreased social play and increased social investigation and social contact in adolescent male and female observers, (2) did not alter non-social behaviors, (3) did not alter saccharin consumption and (4) increased voluntary ethanol intake in adolescent female but not male observers. When the peer was injected with cocaine (1) social play was dose-dependently decreased, (2) there were no changes in other social or non-social behaviors, and (3) voluntary ethanol intake in adolescent male and female observers was unaffected.ConclusionsThe present results are consistent and extend our previous work showing that social interaction with an alcohol-intoxicated peer selectively alters social behaviors and alcohol-drinking in adolescent rats. Females appear to be more sensitive to elevating effects of social interaction on voluntary ethanol consumption.

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Acquiring Gender in Melanesia: Homosexuality and its Relationship to Maleness

NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology ◽

10.15173/nexus.v2i1.39 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 55-70

Author(s):

Richard Goulden

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Social Organization ◽

Men And Women ◽

Male And Female ◽

Male Homosexual ◽

North Americans ◽

Gender Beliefs ◽

Social Sanctions ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Categories

It is readily apparent that many Melanesian societies maintain a distance between men and women. Some ethnographers working in Melanesia have posited reasons for this dichotomy, for example, fear of contamination from menstrual blood, or the importance of male solidarity in social organization. These theories do not adequately explain gender concepts and the range of social interaction between the sexes. By focussing on the belief surrounding male homosexual behaviour in initiation ritual, this paper attempts to demonstrate that gender concepts in Melanesia, like attitudes towards homosexuality, cannot be explained in terms of Western categorizations of male and female, or in terms of Western concepts of sexuality. A comparison of the correlation between homosexuality and gender beliefs among North Americans and among Melanesians indicates that the apparent separation of the sexes in Melanesia is not due to the inherent distinctness of male versus female, as reflected in the Western dichotomies that colour such ethnographic descriptions of gender. It is suggested that in Melanesian societies men must be differentiated from women, and that mutable gender categories must be maintained by social sanctions that delineate the sexes during the reproductive years.

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