scholarly journals Acquiring Gender in Melanesia: Homosexuality and its Relationship to Maleness

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Richard Goulden
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Homosexual ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Gender Beliefs ◽  
Social Sanctions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories

It is readily apparent that many Melanesian societies maintain a distance between men and women. Some ethnographers working in Melanesia have posited reasons for this dichotomy, for example, fear of contamination from menstrual blood, or the importance of male solidarity in social organization. These theories do not adequately explain gender concepts and the range of social interaction between the sexes. By focussing on the belief surrounding male homosexual behaviour in initiation ritual, this paper attempts to demonstrate that gender concepts in Melanesia, like attitudes towards homosexuality, cannot be explained in terms of Western categorizations of male and female, or in terms of Western concepts of sexuality. A comparison of the correlation between homosexuality and gender beliefs among North Americans and among Melanesians indicates that the apparent separation of the sexes in Melanesia is not due to the inherent distinctness of male versus female, as reflected in the Western dichotomies that colour such ethnographic descriptions of gender. It is suggested that in Melanesian societies men must be differentiated from women, and that mutable gender categories must be maintained by social sanctions that delineate the sexes during the reproductive years.

scholarly journals Obesity trends in populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. Thirty-year long dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Vilkov ◽  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
A. D. Deev ◽  
Yu. A. Balanova ◽  
S. E. Efstifeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
Obesity Trends ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories

Aim. To evaluate the dynamics of obesity and mean body mass index (BMI) in Russia and USA in various age and gender categories during 1975-2014.Material and methods. By a repeat analysis of one-moment studies of Russian and US population in 1975-1982 and 2007-2014, the values of obesity and BMI were assessed in men and women age 25-64 y. o. Into analysis, the data was included from Russian part of the Lipid Clinics study and multicenter ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in various regions of Russian Federation). American data acquired from the studies NHANES (National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey), open access. Total number of observations 48974.Results. In the 80s of XX century in all age groups of women the mean BMI levels were lower in USA comparing to Russia, in men there were no significant differences. For the following 30 years in Russia the situation improved for men and women <45 y. o. — differences with USA changed modality, and currently BMI in Russia is lower than in USA.Conclusion. Russia was below the US 30 years ago by the mean BMI in females of all ages, with no differences for males. For the following 30 years in the US there was significant increase of BMI in all age strata of men and women, and in Russia dynamics was the same, but lesser. Comparison of the prevalence of obesity in men 30 years ago showed some predominance of obesity in American males, especially young, but not statistically significant. Russian women had higher prevalence of obesity regardless of age. Currently, obesity in young age is more prevalent in men and women of USA, and >45 years old — in Russia.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Spatial and Temporal Preferences for Waterfronts in Wuhan based on Gender Differences in Check-In Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu ◽  
Li ◽  
Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Social Media Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Media Data

The geographical location and check-in frequency of social platform users indicate their personal preferences and intentions for space. On the basis of social media data and gender differences, this study analyzes Weibo users’ preferences and the reasons behind these preferences for the waterfronts of the 21 major lakes within Wuhan’s Third Ring Road, in accordance with users’ check-in behaviors. According to the distribution characteristics of the waterfronts’ points of interest, this study explores the preferences of male and female users for waterfronts and reveals, through the check-in behaviors of Weibo users, the gender differences in the preference and willingness of these users to choose urban waterfronts. Results show that men and women check in significantly more frequently on weekends than on weekdays. Women are more likely than men to check in at waterfronts. Significant differences in time and space exist between male and female users’ preferences for different lakes.

Making children, making chiefs: gender, power and ritual legitimacy

Africa ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
North Central ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores indigenous notions of power and chiefly legitimacy among the Ihanzu, a relatively small Bantu-speaking community located in north central Tanzania. Particular attention is paid to local ideas and ideals of gender—that is, the cultural categories ‘male’ and ‘female’, as well as the relationship between them—in an effort to show the complex ways in which gender categories, when combined, are powerful and capable of effecting transformations of different sorts. Men and women, by combining male and female fertilising fluids, create children. Similarly, male and female chiefs, through royal incest, bring forth male and female rains. It is suggested that the strategic combination of the cultural categories ‘male’ and ‘female’ provides the underlying transformative model both for sexual reproduction and for rainmaking. And it is through the combination of gender categories that chiefs legitimise their own positions, first by producing rain and, second, by metaphorically giving birth to all Ihanzu people each season. But whether for chiefs or commoners, it is argued that power frequently comes in gendered pairs.

Intersectional Representation Between Gender, Religion, and Nationality

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Osnat Akirav
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Political Research ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Muslim Men ◽  
Intersectional Representation ◽  
And Gender

Immigrants who came to Europe in recent decades (work immigrants and/or refugees) grapple with intersectional identities, such as religion, nationality and gender, yet current political research addresses these issues only in part. To address these omissions, I conducted a content analysis of all parliamentary questions Muslim representatives raised in their parliamentary activities in three Western countries. I also investigated whether the representatives&#39; invisibility pertains only to their descriptive representation or whether it affects their substantive representation by analyzing five research hypotheses for differences in the content of the parliamentary questions. I found that male and female Muslim representatives ask parliamentary questions about Muslim men and women. In addition, I developed an Intersectional Representation Index to measure and demonstrate the complexities Muslim representatives face in Western countries. The index shows that such representatives have several identities, some of which have become invisible, as previous studies indicated.

Elite Male and Female 800-m Runners’ Display of Different Pacing Strategies During Season-Best Performances

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1344-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Filipas ◽  
Emiliano Nerli Ballati ◽  
Matteo Bonato ◽  
Antonio La Torre ◽  
Maria Francesca Piacentini
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Purpose: To analyze the pacing profiles of the world’s top 800-m annual performances between 2010 and 2016, comparing men’s and women’s strategies. Methods: A total of 142 performances were characterized for overall race times and 0-to-200-m, 200-to-400-m, 400-to-600-m, and 600-to-800-m split times using available footage from YouTube. Only the best annual performance for each athlete was considered. Overall race and split speed were calculated so that each lap speed could be expressed as a percentage of the mean race speed. Results: The mean speed of the men’s 800-m was 7.73 (0.06) m·s−1, with the 0-to-200-m split faster than the others. After the first split, the speed decreased significantly during the 3 subsequent splits (P < .001). The mean speed of the women’s 800-m was 6.77 (0.05) m·s−1, with a significative variation in speed during the race (P < .001). The first split was faster than the others (P < .001). During the rest of the race, speed was almost constant, and no difference was observed between the other splits. Comparison between men and women revealed that there was an interaction between split and gender (P < .001), showing a different pacing behavior in 800-m competitions. Conclusions: The world’s best 800-m performances revealed an important difference in the pacing profile between men and women. Tactics could play a greater role in this difference, but physiological and behavioral characteristics are likely also important.

In the Shadow of Doubt: Expertise, Knowledge, and Systematization in Rabbinic Purity Laws

AJS Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Ayelet Hoffmann Libson
Keyword(s):  
Legal Discourse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Criticism ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Legal Thinking ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis article revisits rabbinic laws of menstrual impurity by comparing them to the parallel laws of male impurity. The prevailing scholarly paradigm has examined menstrual purity laws through the lens of cultural criticism and gender analysis, demonstrating that the sages molded the legal discourse of this field to construct their own authority vis-à-vis the women they describe. By contrast, this article argues that a comparison of menstrual impurity laws with the laws of male impurities discloses substantial parallels that have not been sufficiently explored. This comparison demonstrates that the rabbis developed similar legal categories for both men and women, revealing more about their systematic legal thinking than about their gender economy. Tracing the development of both male and female impurities through rabbinic sources thus has the potential to uncover not only the gendered constructions engaged by the rabbis, but also fundamental rabbinic ideas about the body, legal knowledge, and rabbinic expertise.

Exploring gender-related perceptions of SME success

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paull Christopher Weber ◽  
Louis Geneste
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medium Enterprise ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Is Value

Purpose – Small and medium enterprise (SME) research into the meaning and perception of success is now reaching beyond (the somewhat stereotypical) extrinsic success measures such as sales, number of employees, and profit. Researchers now identify the goals and expectations of the owner(s) of a business as central to their likely performance and preferred success metrics. Therefore, this paper aims to overlay perceptions of success and gender to establish whether success is conceptualised in the same way across genders. Design/methodology/approach – The study analyses the responses from 375 male and female SME owners to a range of quantitative success metrics and also explores the responses provided to a number of qualitative questions surrounding the owners' perceptions of success. Findings – Although the average female-owned business in the study is significantly smaller than the average male-owned business, they perform equally well on extrinsic measures that relate outputs (profit) to inputs (assets and hours worked). Further, the female SME owners appear to be more satisfied with both the success of their business and their lifestyle, than their male counterparts. Originality/value – The findings suggest that the social feminists hold sway (men and women have different perceptions of success) and there is value in incorporating a feminine perspective when examining what business owners are looking for from their ventures. That is, measures of SME success need to adopt a person-centered perspective.

scholarly journals Psychology of Male and Female Communicative Activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana A. Vasyura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Communicative Activity

The article features a brief overview of theoretical and empirical studies in communication psychology and sociability of men and women, boys and girls. Russian and foreign studies are summarized to point out that girls and women place greater emphasis on communication and interpersonal relations than do boys and men. Moreover, female communication is more emotional. The article presents the results of the author's own empirical study of male and female communicative activity. Communicative activity is viewed as a complex psychological phenomenon, a degree of the subject's willingness to interact. Communicative activity was studied with the test proposed by the Russian psychologist, Krupnov, and designed to detect the following components of communicative activity: dynamic (natural), emotional, motivational, cognitive, regulatory, productive, and two sorts of communication difficulties (operational and personal). Gender differences in communicative activity are shown on a sample of 480 participants aged 18-40 (240 men and 240 women). The article then describes communicative styles of adolescents (130 boys and 130 girls, aged 19-24). Various communicative styles are featured, including “energetic, businesslike,” “conformal, emotional,” “diplomatic, externally oriented” for boys and “energetic, sociable,” “emotional, difficult,” and “complaisant, expressive” for girls. Every person's individuality and gender identity are shown to impact their communicative style.

scholarly journals HOW AN ENGLISH BOOK ILLUSTRATES GENDER ROLE IN THIS ERA: A CRITICAL REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Wahyuni Floriasti
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Innovative Material ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Share Information

Language is a tool to express feeling, idea, and share information. Language reflections  the speakers who have many things in common such as tradition, background, values and customs, then they have their own culture in communication among them.  Thus, it can be said that they have their own standard for leveling the social class, sexual orientation, language home, and gender roles in the society. Since language is a part of culture so  learners need to be aware of values in the society. For instance, learners, speakers of the language itself  or whoever interest  to  the language need to see the roles of male and female in the professional   and daily life which has been shifted from unpopular profession for female workers to favored career.  It cannot be ignored that in the  dreality, several English guidebooks for students still contain unresponsive gender pictures as media to introduce English material.  Women are profiled as nurses, housekeepers, nannies, and other unpopular positions while man  are figured as directors, CEO, pilots, doctors, and other most-wanted careers. In fact, the roles of women and men have been shifted and they have  equal   position now in professional life. This situation turned teachers and lecturers to be more creative in designing innovative material. Thus, teachers need to integrate not only such important points as good English material but also knowledge of gender into students’ materials. Therefore, learners and the society get and apply the knowledge and start appreciating each other, both men and women.

scholarly journals Female Politicians Representation’s in Corruption Cases in Online News

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prawinda Putri Anzari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Online News ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Stuart Hall ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories

Despite having thirty per cent quota of parliamentary seats, women in fact are only able to fill up the quota amount of 23 per cent. This certainly has a great influence for women’s active participation in politics in most countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the image of women’s roles associated with politics is statistically unfavorable. With a strong patriarchal system, men still have a bigger role in politics rather than women. The images of female political actors also still tend to be flawed. Woman makes headlines in politics when she becomes the object of scandal. On the other hand stereotypes and gender bias between men and women will always exist in the mass media. Stereotypes are used to describe the social categories of men and women. In the news, text can be seen how media and journalists use gender categories in political news. This research uses discourse analysis method in online news text. The analysis focuses on the usage of language in the social context. By using the concept of text analysis, it can be seen how the news about women politicians depicted in the form of writing or discourse. The theory used in this research is Stuart Hall’s representation. Using the concept of representation from Stuart Hall, it could be seen that online news portals have a gender bias in reporting corruption cases of female political actors. Through representation, the meaning was produced and exchanged among members of society and displaying distinctive images for female political actors in Indonesia. Keywords: women in politic, online media, online news, gender bias, female politician

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