Alpha-synuclein is associated with the synaptic vesicle apparatus in the human and rat enteric nervous system

SUMMARYα-Synuclein (αSyn), β-synuclein (βSyn), and γ-synuclein (γSyn) are abundantly expressed in the vertebrate nervous system. αSyn functions in neurotransmitter release via binding to and clustering synaptic vesicles and chaperoning of SNARE-complex assembly. The functions of βSyn and γSyn are unknown. Functional redundancy of the three synucleins and mutual compensation when one synuclein is deleted have been proposed, but with conflicting evidence. Here, we demonstrate that βSyn and γSyn have a reduced affinity towards membranes compared to αSyn, and that direct interaction of βSyn or γSyn with αSyn results in reduced membrane binding of αSyn. Our data suggest that all three synucleins affect synapse function, but only αSyn mediates the downstream function of vesicle clustering and SNARE-complex assembly, while βSyn and γSyn modulate the activity of αSyn through regulating its binding to synaptic vesicles.

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Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System

Journal of Visualized Experiments ◽

10.3791/2123 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Francisco J. Pan-Montojo ◽

Richard H.W. Funk

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Image Analysis ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Alpha Synuclein

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Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Its Phosphorylation in the Enteric Nervous System of Patients Without Neurodegeneration: An Explorative Study

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnagi.2020.575481 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Lu-Lu Bu ◽

Kai-Xun Huang ◽

De-Zhi Zheng ◽

Dan-Yu Lin ◽

Ying Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

Myenteric Plexus ◽

Tumor Stage ◽

Alpha Synuclein ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Positive Staining ◽

Age Dependent ◽

New Evidence

Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is widely distributed and involved in the regulation of the nervous system. The phosphorylation of α-Syn at serine 129 (pSer129α-Syn) is known to be closely associated with α-Synucleinopathies, especially Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aimed to explore the α-Syn accumulation and its phosphorylation in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in patients without neurodegeneration. Patients who underwent colorectal surgery for either malignant or benign tumors that were not suitable for endoscopic resection (n = 19) were recruited to obtain normal intestinal specimens, which were used to assess α-Syn immunoreactivity patterns using α-Syn and pSer129α-Syn antibodies. Furthermore, the sub-location of α-Syn in neurons was identified by α-Syn/neurofilament double staining. Semi-quantitative counting was used to evaluate the expression of α-Syn and pSer129α-Syn in the ENS. Positive staining of α-Syn was detected in all intestinal layers in patients with non-neurodegenerative diseases. There was no significant correlation between the distribution of α-Syn and age (p = 0.554) or tumor stage (p = 0.751). Positive staining for pSer129α-Syn was only observed in the submucosa and myenteric plexus layers. The accumulation of pSer129α-Syn increased with age. In addition, we found that the degenerative changes of the ENS were related to the degree of tumor malignancy (p = 0.022). The deposits of α-Syn were present in the ENS of patients with non-neurodegenerative disorders; particularly the age-dependent expression of pSer129α-Syn in the submucosa and myenteric plexus. The current findings of α-Syn immunostaining in the ENS under near non-pathological conditions weaken the basis of using α-Syn pathology as a suitable hallmark to diagnose α-Synucleinopathies including PD. However, our data provided unique perspectives to study gastrointestinal dysfunction in non-neurodegenerative disorders. These findings provide new evidence to elucidate the neuropathological characteristics and α-Syn pathology pattern of the ENS in non-neurodegenerative conditions.

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T1782 Rotenone Recapitulates Parkinson's Disease-Related Gastrointestinal Motility Deficits and Alpha-Synuclein Pathology in the Enteric Nervous System

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(09)62663-9 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 136 (5) ◽

pp. A-578-A-579

Author(s):

Robert E. Drolet ◽

Jason R. Cannon ◽

Laura M. Montero ◽

J Timothy Greenamyre

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Nervous System ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Gastrointestinal Motility ◽

Alpha Synuclein

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Induction of alpha-synuclein pathology in the enteric nervous system of the rat and non-human primate results in gastrointestinal dysmotility and transient CNS pathology

Neurobiology of Disease ◽

10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 106-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Fredric P. Manfredsson ◽

Kelvin C. Luk ◽

Matthew J. Benskey ◽

Aysegul Gezer ◽

Joanna Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Alpha Synuclein ◽

Gastrointestinal Dysmotility ◽

Cns Pathology ◽

Human Primate

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Alpha-synuclein alters the faecal viromes of rats in a gut-initiated model of Parkinson’s disease

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02666-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephen R. Stockdale ◽

Lorraine A. Draper ◽

Sarah M. O’Donovan ◽

Wiley Barton ◽

Orla O’Sullivan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Nervous System ◽

Vagus Nerve ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Neurological Disorder ◽

Alpha Synuclein ◽

Nerve Cells ◽

Observational Period ◽

The Brain

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disorder associated with the misfolding of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) into aggregates within nerve cells that contribute to their neurodegeneration. Recent evidence suggests α-syn aggregation may begin in the gut and travel to the brain along the vagus nerve, with microbes potentially a trigger initiating α-syn misfolding. However, the effects α-syn alterations on the gut virome have not been investigated. In this study, we show longitudinal faecal virome changes in rats administered either monomeric or preformed fibrils (PFF) of α-syn directly into their enteric nervous system. Differential changes in rat viromes were observed when comparing monomeric and PFF α-syn, with alterations compounded by the addition of LPS. Changes in rat faecal viromes were observed after one month and did not resolve within the study’s five-month observational period. These results suggest that virome alterations may be reactive to host α-syn changes that are associated with PD development.

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