Interaction between left dorsal premotor and right primary motor cortex during a left hand visual go/no-go reaction time

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
A. Maruyama ◽  
K. Takahashi ◽  
J.C. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Left Hand

scholarly journals High Gamma and Beta Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Motor Cortex Improves Motor Functions

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Ma ◽  
Xinzhao Xia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Lu ◽  
Qianying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Human Motor

Background: Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a new technique of non-invasive brain stimulation. Envelope-modulated waveforms with two high-frequency carriers can activate neurons in target brain regions without stimulating the overlying cortex, which has been validated in mouse brains. However, whether TI stimulation can work on the human brain has not been elucidated.Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation on the human primary motor cortex (M1).Methods: Participants attended three sessions of 30-min TI stimulation during a random reaction time task (RRTT) or a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor cortex excitability was measured before and after TI stimulation.Results: In the RRTT experiment, only 70 Hz TI stimulation had a promoting effect on the reaction time (RT) performance and excitability of the motor cortex compared to sham stimulation. Meanwhile, compared with the sham condition, only 20 Hz TI stimulation significantly facilitated motor learning in the SRTT experiment, which was significantly positively correlated with the increase in motor evoked potential.Conclusion: These results indicate that the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation has a significant promoting effect on human motor functions, experimentally suggesting the effectiveness of TI stimulation in humans for the first time and paving the way for further explorations.

Time Course of Determination of Movement Direction in the Reaction Time Task in Humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 1195-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Sommer ◽  
Joseph Classen ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen ◽  
Mark Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Thumb Movement

The primary motor cortex produces motor commands that include encoding the direction of movement. Excitability of the motor cortex in the reaction time (RT) task can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). To elucidate the timing of the increase in cortical excitability and of the determination of movement direction before movement onset, we asked six right-handed, healthy subjects to either abduct or extend their right thumb after a go-signal indicated the appropriate direction. Between the go-signal and movement onset, single TMS pulses were delivered to the contralateral motor cortex. We recorded the direction of the TMS-induced thumb movement and the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the abductor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis brevis muscles. Facilitation of MEPs from the prime mover, as early as 200 ms before the end of the reaction time, preceded facilitation of MEPs from the nonprime mover, and both preceded measurable directional change. Compared with a control condition in which no voluntary movement was required, the direction of the TMS-induced thumb movement started to change in the direction of the intended movement as early as 90 ms before the end of the RT, and maximum changes were seen shortly before the end of reaction time. Movement acceleration also increased with maxima shortly before the end of the RT. We conclude that in concentric movements a change of the movement direction encoded in the primary motor cortex occurs in the 200 ms prior to movement onset, which is as early as increased excitability itself can be detected.

Changes in interhemispheric inhibition from active to resting primary motor cortex during a fine-motor manipulation task

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 3086-3094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Morishita ◽  
Kazumasa Uehara ◽  
Kozo Funase
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Conditioning Stimulus ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Interhemispheric Inhibition ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Resting Motor Threshold ◽  
Inhibitory Circuit ◽  
Task Conditions

The effect of performance of a sensorimotor task on the interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) induced from the active primary motor cortex (M1) to the resting M1 was examined in 10 right-handed subjects. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was performed to produce motor evoked potentials (MEP) in the resting right (Rt)-first dorsal interosseous (FDI). For the paired-TMS paradigm, a conditioning stimulus (CS) was delivered to the Rt-M1, and its intensity was adjusted from 0.6 to 1.4 times the resting motor threshold of the MEP in the left (Lt)-FDI in 0.2 steps. The test stimulus was delivered to the Lt-M1, and its intensity was adjusted to evoke similar MEP amplitudes in the Rt-FDI among the task conditions. The interstimulus interval was fixed at 10 ms. As a sensorimotor task, a fine-motor manipulation (FM) task (using chopsticks to pick up, transport, and release glass balls) was adopted. In addition, an isometric abduction (IA) task was also performed as a control task. These tasks were carried out with the left hand. The IHI from the active to the resting M1 observed during the FM task was markedly increased compared with that induced during the IA task, and this effect was not dependent on the MEP amplitude evoked in the active Lt-FDI by the CS. The present findings suggest that the increased IHI from the active to the resting M1 observed during the FM task was linked to reductions in the activity of the ipsilateral intracortical inhibitory circuit, as we reported previously.

scholarly journals Effects of Congruency on Bereitschaftspotential While Performing a Bimanual Motor Task

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
Meghan McGowan ◽  
Camille Hémond-Hill ◽  
Justine Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Grand Average ◽  
Bimanual Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

 The bereitschaftspotential (BP)—also known as the readiness potential—is a measure of brain activity that precedes voluntary movement by approximately one second in the supplementary motor area and the contralateral primary motor cortex. Motor task reaction time for bimanual task performance is affected by both the individual and the environment; however, it is unclear whether motor task reaction time (as measured via the BP) is significantly affected by congruency. A congruent motor task is an ipsilateral stimulus (e.g., a stimulus on the right is responded to by the right hand), and an incongruent task is a contralateral stimulus (e.g., a stimulus on the right is responded to by the left hand). Congruency is re-emerging as an important topic in motor learning as it may require different levels of cortical processing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of congruency on the BP. Participants were asked to complete the computer task, Keyboard Hero, where they pressed keys with both their left and right hands in response to discrete congruent and incongruent stimuli. A MUSE™  apparatus recorded brain activity 1000 ms prior to, and 1000 ms after each stimulus. Results from every participant for the incongruent and congruent trials were averaged and compared using a grand average waveform. Means of accuracy (how often participants pressed the key correctly) and BP for each condition were averaged and compared using a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Across congruent and incongruent conditions, a non-significant difference (p > 0.05 ) was found in BP (p > 0.59 ), accuracy (p > 0.64 ), and BP within −200  ms to 200 ms (p > 0.31 ). BP and mean accuracy scores were not significantly different between congruent and incongruent conditions, which may be due to only minute differences in brain activity or due to the study’s design. Further research should analyze individual variations of the present study, such as stimulus location, differences in the responding limb, correctness of responses, and the sensory modality being tested

scholarly journals Pre-movement changes in sensorimotor beta oscillations predict motor adaptation drive

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry T Darch ◽  
Nadia L Cerminara ◽  
Iain D Gilchrist ◽  
Richard Apps
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Scalp Eeg ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Beta Frequency ◽  
Late Adaptation ◽  
Adaptation Task

AbstractBeta frequency oscillations in scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings over the primary motor cortex have been associated with the preparation and execution of voluntary movements. Here, we test whether changes in beta frequency are related to the preparation of adapted movements in human, and whether such effects generalise to other species (cat). Eleven healthy adult humans performed a joystick visuomotor adaptation task. Beta (15-25Hz) scalp EEG signals recorded over the motor cortex during a pre-movement preparatory phase were, on average, significantly reduced in amplitude during early adaptation trials compared to baseline or late adaptation trials (p=0.01). The changes in beta were not related to measurements of reaction time or duration of the reach. We also recorded LFP activity within the primary motor cortex of three cats during a prism visuomotor adaptation task. Analysis of these signals revealed similar reductions in motor cortical LFP beta frequencies during early adaptation. This effect was also present when controlling for any influence of the reaction time and reaching duration. Overall, the results are consistent with a reduction in pre-movement beta oscillations predicting an increase in adaptive drive in upcoming task performance when motor errors are largest in magnitude and the rate of adaptation is greatest.

scholarly journals High Gamma and Beta Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Motor Cortex Improves Motor Functions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Ma ◽  
Xinzhao Xia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Lu ◽  
Qianying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Human Motor

Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a new technique of noninvasive brain stimulation. Envelope-modulated waveforms with two high-frequency carriers can activate neurons in target brain regions without stimulating the overlying cortex, which has been validated in mouse brains. However, whether TI stimulation can work on the human brain has not been elucidate. In this study, this issue is investigated in the human primary motor cortex. Participants attended three sessions of TI stimulation during a random reaction time task (RRTT) or a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor cortex excitability was measured before and after TI stimulation. The results indicate that TI stimulation with different envelope frequencies influenced different motor functions. In the RRTT experiment, only 70 Hz TI stimulation had a promoting effect on the reaction time performance and excitability of the motor cortex compared to sham stimulation. Meanwhile, compared with the sham condition, only 20 Hz TI stimulation significantly facilitated motor learning in the SRTT experiment, which was significantly positively correlated with the increase in motor evoked potential. These results indicate that the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation has a significant promoting effect on human motor functions, experimentally suggesting the effectiveness of TI stimulation in humans for the first time.

Motor Cortex Activation Induced by a Mirror: Evidence From Lateralized Readiness Potentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Touzalin-Chretien ◽  
André Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Contralateral Hemisphere ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Opposite Hand ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Similar Motor ◽  
Electrophysiological Correlate

Similar motor regions are activated during voluntarily executed or observed movements. We investigated whether observing movements of one's own hand through a mirror will generate activations in the cortical motor regions of both the moving and nonmoving hands. Using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an electrophysiological correlate of premotor activation in the primary motor cortex, we recorded evoked responses to movements while subjects were viewing the performing (right) hand through a mirror placed sagittally, giving the impression that the left hand was performing the task. Reliable LRPs were recorded in relation to the seen hand, indicating motor cortex activity in the contralateral hemisphere of the inactive hand while the opposite hand was performing the movement.

scholarly journals Response inhibition activates distinct motor cortical inhibitory processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cirillo ◽  
Matthew J. Cowie ◽  
Hayley J. MacDonald ◽  
Winston D. Byblow
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Motor Cortical ◽  
Inhibitory Tone ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

We routinely cancel preplanned movements that are no longer required. If stopping is forewarned, proactive processes are engaged to selectively decrease motor cortex excitability. However, without advance information there is a nonselective reduction in motor cortical excitability. In this study we examined modulation of human primary motor cortex inhibitory networks during response inhibition tasks with informative and uninformative cues using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Long- (LICI) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), indicative of GABAB- and GABAA-receptor mediated inhibition, respectively, were examined from motor evoked potentials obtained in task-relevant and task-irrelevant hand muscles when response inhibition was preceded by informative and uninformative cues. When the participants (10 men and 8 women) were cued to stop only a subcomponent of the bimanual response, the remaining response was delayed, and the extent of delay was greatest in the more reactive context, when cues were uninformative. For LICI, inhibition was reduced in both muscles during all types of response inhibition trials compared with the pre-task resting baseline. When cues were uninformative and left-hand responses were suddenly canceled, task-relevant LICI positively correlated with response times of the responding right hand. In trials where left-hand responding was highly probable or known (informative cues), task-relevant SICI was reduced compared with that when cued to rest, revealing a motor set indicative of responding. These novel findings indicate that the GABAB-receptor-mediated pathway may set a default inhibitory tone according to task context, whereas the GABAA-receptor-mediated pathways are recruited proactively with response certainty. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined how informative and uninformative cues that trigger both proactive and reactive processes modulate GABAergic inhibitory networks within human primary motor cortex. We show that GABAB inhibition was released during the task regardless of cue type, whereas GABAA inhibition was reduced when responding was highly probable or known compared with rest. GABAB-receptor-mediated inhibition may set a default inhibitory tone, whereas GABAA circuits may be modulated proactively according to response certainty.

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