Exploring the protective factors of children and families identified at highest risk of adverse childhood experiences by a predictive risk model: An analysis of the growing up in New Zealand cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 104556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Walsh ◽  
Sophie Joyce ◽  
Tim Maloney ◽  
Rhema Vaithianathan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Predictive Risk

scholarly journals Influence of race/ethnicity and income on the link between adverse childhood experiences and child flourishing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Goldstein ◽  
James Topitzes ◽  
Julie Miller-Cribbs ◽  
Roger L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Family Resilience ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Cumulative Adversity

Abstract Background The impact of early adversity increases the risk of poor outcomes across the life course. Identifying factors that protect against or contribute to deleterious life outcomes represents an important step in resilience promotion among children exposed to adversity. Informed by resilience science, we hypothesized that family resilience mediates the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child flourishing, and these pathways vary by race/ethnicity and income. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis using the 2016–17 National Survey of Children’s Health data reported by parents/guardians for 44,686 children age 6–17 years. A moderated-mediation model estimated direct, indirect, and total effects using a probit link function and stacked group approach with weighted least square parameter estimates. Results The main variables were related in expected directions. Family resilience partially mediated the ACEs-flourishing association. Although White and socioeconomically advantaged families were more likely to maintain family resilience, their children functioned more poorly at high-risk levels relative to Black and Hispanic children and across income groups. Conclusion Children suffer from cumulative adversity across race/ethnicity and income. Partial mediation of family resilience indicates that additional protective factors are needed to develop comprehensive strategies, while racial/ethnic differences underscore the importance of prevention and intervention programs that are culturally sensitive. Impact The key message of the article reinforces the notion that children suffer from cumulative adversity across race/ethnicity and income, and prevention of ACEs should be the number one charge of public policy, programs, and healthcare. This is the first study to examine family resilience in the National Survey Children’s Health (NSCH) data set as mediating ACEs-flourishing by race/ethnicity and family poverty level. Examining an ACEs dose–response effect using population-based data within the context of risk and protective factors can inform a public health response resulting in a greater impact on prevention efforts.

scholarly journals ‘Steeling’ Young People: Resilience and Youth Policy in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Davidson ◽  
Eric Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Youth Policy ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood

This article examines the growth of resilience-focused youth policy in Scotland, and its association with the proliferation of the ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) agenda. To do this, it critically compares policy discourse with qualitative data on young people’s experiences of growing up in two similar, low-income neighbourhoods. This combination leads us to problematise resilience-informed practice, relative to the voices of young people. Our review demonstrates that by emphasising individual protective factors, resilience discourse reframes inequalities embedded within certain neighbourhoods, and the specific impacts on young people who live there. The consequence is not an assets-based youth policy that supports all young people, but rather a form of resilience which promotes the ‘steeling’ of young people; making them stronger and more resistant to adversities. These adversities, we conclude, may be preventable within a more just social order.

scholarly journals Moderating the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Address Inequities in Tobacco-Related Risk Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 139S-147S ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Srivastav ◽  
Melissa Strompolis ◽  
Colby Kipp ◽  
Chelsea L. Richard ◽  
James F. Thrasher
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can increase the risk of engagement in unhealthy behaviors including tobacco use. Protective factors, such as safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) can potentially moderate the long-term impact of ACEs by helping children build resilience. However, there is limited research on whether the impact of these factors is stronger among Black children and families, who face disproportionately poorer health outcomes compared to their White counterparts. This study examined the relationships among protective factors in childhood, ACEs (one or more vs. none), and tobacco use (smoking tobacco, e-cigarette use) in adulthood, including whether these relationships differed by race. Data were obtained from the 2016 South Carolina administration of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 7,014). Using stratified, multivariate logistic regression, the presence of an SSNR in childhood (whether participants’ basic needs were met and whether they felt safe and protected during childhood) was assessed as a potential moderator of the association between ACEs (one or more vs. none) and smoking tobacco or e-cigarettes stratified by race (Black and White). Control variables included sex, age, educational attainment, and income. Statistically significant moderating effects of an SSNR was present for White adults only: The relationship between ACEs and risk behaviors was weakened when an SSNR was present in childhood. Although SSNRs appear to prevent some risk behavior consequences from ACEs among some groups, additional research is needed to understand their potential utility across population subgroups.

scholarly journals The Empower Action Model: A Framework for Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences by Promoting Health, Equity, and Well-Being Across the Life Span

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Srivastav ◽  
Melissa Strompolis ◽  
Amy Moseley ◽  
Kelsay Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Equity And Inclusion

The empower action model addresses childhood adversity as a root cause of disease by building resilience across multiple levels of influence to promote health, equity, and well-being. The model builds on the current evidence around adverse childhood experiences and merges important frameworks within key areas of public health—the socio-ecological model, protective factors, race equity and inclusion, and the life course perspective. The socio-ecological model is used as the foundation for this model to highlight the multilevel approach needed for improvement in public health. Five key principles that build on the protective factors literature are developed to be applied at each of the levels of the socio-ecological model: understanding, support, inclusion, connection, and growth. These principles are developed with actions that can be implemented across the life span. Finally, actions suggested with each principle are grounded in the tenets of race equity and inclusion, framing all actionable steps with an equity lens. This article discusses the process by which the model was developed and provides steps for states and communities to implement this tool. It also introduces efforts in a state to use this model within county coalitions through an innovative use of federal and foundation funding.

Positive mental health framework of transdiagnostic protective factors in elucidating the association between adverse childhood experiences and severe mental disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110535
Author(s):  
Jianlin Liu ◽  
Edimansyah Abdin ◽  
Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar ◽  
Matthew Sheng Mian Lim ◽  
Swapna Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Positive Mental Health ◽  
Severe Mental Disorders ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
General Coping

Objectives: Transdiagnostic risk factors—disrupted processes common to psychopathology—link adverse childhood experiences to severe mental disorders (i.e. major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders); however, transdiagnostic protective factors are understudied. The present study investigated the association between a positive mental health framework of protective intra- and interpersonal resources and severe mental disorders in individuals with adverse childhood experiences. We hypothesized that (1) individuals with adverse childhood experiences will experience more severe mental disorders and poorer intra- and interpersonal resources than those without adverse childhood experiences; (2) intrapersonal (e.g. general coping) and interpersonal resources (e.g. emotional support) will interact to predict severe mental disorders. Methods: A total of 1929 adults participated in this population-based study. Participants were assessed for adverse childhood experiences, severe mental disorders, and intra- and interpersonal resources (general coping, general affect, emotional support, interpersonal skills, spirituality, and personal growth and autonomy) via structured interviews and self-reports. Results: As hypothesized, individuals with adverse childhood experiences (62.6%) experienced more severe mental disorders and poorer intra- and interpersonal resources than those without adverse childhood experiences. Among those with adverse childhood experiences, emotional support interacted with general coping and general affect to predict severe mental disorders; general coping and general affect were negatively associated with severe mental disorders at high (+1 SD) and low (−1 SD) emotional support, respectively. Conclusions: The present study identified interactions between specific intrapersonal (i.e. general coping and general affect) and interpersonal resources (i.e. emotional support); knowing among whom and when to intervene are essential for optimal treatment of adverse childhood experiences and severe mental disorders.

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