Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis enters the small intestinal mucosa of goat kids in areas with and without Peyer's patches as demonstrated with the everted sleeve method

Various pathogens gain access to the intestinal wall via specialized cells, the M cells, found among the follicle-associated epithelial cells overlying the domes of the Peyer's patches. The present study was undertaken to examine the uptake of live Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the distal small intestine of goat kids. Following laparotomy, distal small intestinal segments of five goats were ligated and injected with bacterial suspension. After 1 hour, the intestinal segments were excised and fixed for light and electron microscopic studies. M. a. paratuberculosis organisms were observed by transmission electron microscopy at locations in the intestinal wall, suggesting transcellular transportation through the M cells. The organisms were present both in the cytoplasm of the M cells and in the cytoplasm of intraepithelial leukocytes found in M-cell pockets. Intercellular bacteria between M cells were occasionally seen. Bacteria were not observed in association with the absorptive epithelium. This study indicates that in goat kids, M. a. paratuberculosis enters the intestinal wall primarily through the M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patches.

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Chronic allergy to dietary ovalbumin induces lymphocyte migration to rat small intestinal mucosa that is inhibited by MAdCAM-1

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00183.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 286 (5) ◽

pp. G702-G710 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Toshiko Ogawa ◽

Soichiro Miura ◽

Yoshikazu Tsuzuki ◽

Takashi Ogino ◽

Ken Teramoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Allergy ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Brown Norway ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Lymphocyte Migration ◽

Small Intestinal

Few models have described a chronic food allergy with morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa. Here we established an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced, cell-mediated, allergic rat model and examined lymphocyte migration in the gut. Brown Norway rats were intraperitoneally sensitized to OVA and then given 10 mg OVA/day by gastric intubation for 6 wk. Lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecules were examined immunohistochemically, and the migration of T lymphocytes to microvessels of Peyer's patches and villus mucosa was observed by using an intravital microscope. Serum OVA-specific IgG and IgE levels were increased in animals repeatedly exposed to OVA. Significant villus atrophy and increased crypt depth was accompanied by increased infiltration of T lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa of the group given OVA. Expression of rat mast cell protease II and of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) was also increased in these groups. The administration of anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody significantly attenuated the OVA-induced changes in the mucosal architecture and in CD4 T lymphocyte infiltration. Intravital observation demonstrated that in rats with a chronic allergy, T lymphocytes significantly accumulated in villus microvessels as well as in Peyer's patches via a MAdCAM-1-dependent process. Our model of chronic food allergy revealed that lymphocyte migration was increased with MAdCAM-1 upregulation.

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Peyer's Patch-Deficient Mice Demonstrate That Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Translocates across the Mucosal Barrier via both M Cells and Enterocytes but Has Inefficient Dissemination

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.01411-09 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 78 (8) ◽

pp. 3570-3577 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Luiz E. Bermudez ◽

Mary Petrofsky ◽

Sandra Sommer ◽

Raúl G. Barletta

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Mucosal Barrier ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

M Cells ◽

Peyer’S Patch ◽

Peyer's Patch ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽

Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the agent of Johne's disease, infects ruminant hosts by translocation through the intestinal mucosa. A number of studies have suggested that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis interacts with M cells in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The invasion of the intestinal mucosa by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis, a pathogen known to interact with intestinal cells, was compared. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was capable of invading the mucosa, but it was significantly less efficient at dissemination than M. avium subsp. hominissuis. B-cell knockout (KO) mice, which lack Peyer's patches, were used to demonstrate that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis enters the intestinal mucosa through enterocytes in the absence of M cells. In addition, the results indicated that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis had equal abilities to cross the mucosa in both Peyer's patch and non-Peyer's patch segments of normal mice. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was also shown to interact with epithelial cells by an α5β1 integrin-independent pathway. Upon translocation, dendritic cells ingest M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, but this process does not lead to efficient dissemination of the infection. In summary, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis interacts with the intestinal mucosa by crossing both Peyer's patches and non-Peyer's patch areas but does not translocate or disseminate efficiently.

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Marked Differences in Mucosal Immune Responses Induced in Ileal versus Jejunal Peyer’s Patches to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Secreted Proteins following Targeted Enteric Infection in Young Calves

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0158747 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. e0158747 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Antonio Facciuolo ◽

Patricia Gonzalez-Cano ◽

Scott Napper ◽

Philip J. Griebel ◽

Lucy M. Mutharia

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Secreted Proteins ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Enteric Infection ◽

Mucosal Immune Responses ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

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Mycobacterium avium Invades the Intestinal Mucosa Primarily by Interacting with Enterocytes

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.69.3.1515-1520.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 1515-1520 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Felix J. Sangari ◽

Joseph Goodman ◽

Mary Petrofsky ◽

Peter Kolonoski ◽

Luiz E. Bermudez

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Terminal Ileum ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Peyer's Patches ◽

Intestinal Loop ◽

Peyer’S Patches ◽

Intestinal Epithelial

ABSTRACT Previous studies have demonstrated that Mycobacterium avium can invade intestinal epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. When given to mice orally, M. aviumpreferentially interacts with the intestinal mucosa at the terminal ileum. We evaluated the mechanism(s) of M. avium binding and invasion of the intestinal mucosa using three different systems: (i) electron microscopy following administration of M. avium into an intestinal loop in mice, (ii) quantitative comparison of the bacterial load in Peyer's patch areas of the terminal ileum versus areas that do not contain Peyer's patches, and (iii) investigation of the ability of M. avium to cause disseminated infection following oral administration using B-cell-deficient mice, lacking Peyer's patches, in comparison with C57BL/6 black mice. By all approaches, M. avium was found to invade the intestinal mucosa by interacting primarily with enterocytes and not with M cells.

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