The online measurement of principal magnitudes in welding processes is important to close the control loop and meet the project requirements. But, it is difficult because of the adverse environmental conditions that exist near the weld pool. Some conventional measurement techniques are used, but under these conditions, indirect sensing techniques are a better option. Sensor fusion algorithms and indirect sensing techniques allow estimate magnitudes that are impossible to measure directly. Sensor fusion is used to describe the static and dynamic behavior of process variables and is based on several areas of knowledge, such as statistics and artificial intelligence. By combining different sensing technologies to take advantage of each one, it is possible to obtain better sensing results. In this chapter selected sensing techniques and estimation algorithms used online for collecting values on the welding process are shown. Special attention is given to sensor fusion techniques. Some real applications and innovative research results are discussed.
Smart tree crop sprayer utilizing sensor fusion and artificial intelligence
