scholarly journals Cost-minimization method for heatsink of multi-parallel power devices considering thermal safety constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 306-314
Author(s):  
Wenbo Zhao ◽  
Zhanfeng Ying ◽  
Xinyang Song ◽  
Ruihao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Thermal Safety ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Safety Constraints

scholarly journals Calculation of the cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of trastuzumab

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
I. M. OMAROVA ◽  
J. O. NURKETAEVA ◽  
D. D. DOROGAN
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽  
The Cost

Rational selection of medicines with an assessment of their pharmacoeconomic effectiveness is the most effective way to ensure safe and efficient treatment and economical use of budget funds allocated for drug therapy, as well as to reduce the time of hospitalization and treatment of patients. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of using the subcutaneous and intravenous forms of drug Trastuzumab. Research tasks: 1. Estimate costs when using subcutaneous trastuzumab in an outpatient chemotherapy room (OCR). 2. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a day patient department (DPD). 3. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a round-the-clock hospital. Results: The paper presents the pharmacoeconomic analysis of targeted therapy with trastuzumab in two forms for intravenous administration (IV) and trastuzumab emtansine for subcutaneous administration (SC) in breast cancer by cost minimization method. The costs of used drugs are according to the price-list of the unified national distributor SK Pharmacia as of January 1, 2018. At comparable efficacy and toxicity, the estimated cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab per 100 patients per year is KZT 16,939,600 ($ 50,972) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in DPD vs. KZT 41,783,200 ($ 125,728) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in a round-the-clock hospital. Conclusions: Based on the above, the subcutaneous form is economically feasible for conducting targeted therapy with trastuzumab.

scholarly journals Inspection Planningfor Deteriorating Structures Based on Sequential Cost Minimization Method

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (170) ◽  
pp. 755-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Fujimoto ◽  
Swilem A. M. ◽  
Mitsumasa Iwata ◽  
Kin-ichi Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Minimization Method

scholarly journals Decision making for stable inspection planning of deteriorating structures based on constraint reliability and uncertainties

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Jalal Alsarraf ◽  
S.A.M. Swilem ◽  
Khaled Alawadhi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Acceptable Result ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Optimal Criterion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Failure Probabilities

Life-time cost minimization is considered as the optimal criterion for planning of inspection, repair and maintenance of structures. However, most of the probabilities and the cost items related to the cost analysis generally contain inevitable uncertainties in actual cases. The appropriateness of inspection planning may be lost by several errors induced by such uncertainties. In this study, a cost minimization method with the constraint of reliability is developed in order to obtain stable inspection planning against the estimation errors of the parameters. In the analysis, the life-time cost optimization is carried out under the constraint that the failure probabilities of the members are controlled below the respective target values allowed for the members. First, initial target failure probabilities are assumed for each member. Then, the robustness of the inspection planning is investigated by adjusting the parameters within the range of uncertainties. The initial values of the target failure probabilities are altered until an acceptable result is obtained. The applicability of the proposed method is examined for a structure with several uncertain parameters. A sequential cost minimization method is employed to optimize the life-time cost. It is made clear that by using this approach, the stability of the life-time cost is maintained without losing the benefit of the cost minimization method. Keywords: Crack, Fatigue, Inspection, Numerical Model, Reliability, Structure.

scholarly journals Calculation of the cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of trastuzumab

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
I. M. Omarova ◽  
J. O. Nurketaeva ◽  
D. D. Dorogan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Trastuzumab Emtansine ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Rational selection of medicines with an assessment of their pharmacoeconomic effectiveness is the most effective way to ensure safe and efficient treatment and economical use of budget funds allocated for drug therapy, as well as to reduce the time of hospitalization and treatment of patients. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of using the subcutaneous and intravenous forms of drug Trastuzumab. Research tasks: 1. Estimate costs when using subcutaneous trastuzumab in an outpatient chemotherapy room (OCR). 2. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a day patient department (DPD) 3. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a round-the-clock hospital Results: The paper presents the pharmacoeconomic analysis of targeted therapy with trastuzumab in two forms for intravenous (IV) administration and trastuzumab emtansine for subcutaneous (SC) administration in breast cancer by cost minimization method. The costs include the cost of used drugs according to the price-list of the unified national distributor SK Pharmacia as of January 1, 2018. At comparable efficacy and toxicity, the estimated cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab per 100 patients per year is KZT16,939,600 ($50,972) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in DPD vs. KZT41,783,200 ($125,728) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in a round-theclock hospital.

scholarly journals Pharmacoeconomic analysis by the cost-minimization method of fluconazole drugs recommended for use in candidiosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
O. V. Tkachova ◽  
L. V. Iakovlieva ◽  
T. I. Sheptak
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Vaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Cost

Candidiasis is a group of fungal diseases of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Candidiasis treatment is mainly carried out with antifungal agents for systemic use. Fluconazole preparations, which have proven clinical efficacy and safety, and are also most often used in Ukraine, are presented in the largest number of TN in the pharmaceutical market. The aim of the work is to analyze cost minimization when using fluconazole preparations for pharmacotherapy of three different pharmacotherapy schemes for candidiasis. The analysis of minimizing the costs of fluconazole preparations was carried out using the retail cost of medicines according to the Morion company Pharmexplorer analytical market research system (as of February 2019). In the process of calculating the cost of the course of treatment of patients with candidiasis, fluconazole preparations used for pharmacotherapy of 1) vaginal candidiasis were used; 2) dermatomycosis, atrophic candidiasis of the mucous membranes, oropharyngeal candidiasis; 3) candidiasis of the esophagus, candiduria. The study evaluated only the direct costs of treating patients with candidiasis with fluconazole preparations. Calculation of the cost of pharmacotherapy with fluconazole was carried out taking into account the price per package of drugs, the daily dose of drugs with the determination of the cost of one unit (tablets, capsules), one day of treatment and the course of treatment. Based on the results obtained, using the pharmacoeconomic method of «cost minimization», the least costly drugs were selected for the course of treatment with fluconazole. The calculation results showed that the minimum direct costs for the course of pharmacotherapy of the vaginal candidiasis are 9.88 UAH; the minimum direct costs for the treatment of dermatomycoses, atrophic candidiasis of the mucous membranes, oropharyngeal candidiasis are UAH 26.01, and for the treatment of candidiasis of the esophagus and candiduria – UAH 50.28. In a difficult socio-economic situation in Ukraine, the use of the least expensive representatives of antifungal drugs for systemic use is economically feasible. The results of this study will allow the doctor or pharmacist to choose fluconazole preparations in various doses and dosage forms for patients with low solvency.

From transaction costs to transaction value: Overcoming the frictional paradigm

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-81
Author(s):  
D. P. Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Transaction Cost ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coase Theorem ◽  
Transactional Analysis ◽  
Transaction Sector ◽  
Transaction Value

The transaction cost economics has accumulated a mass of dogmatic concepts and assertions that have acquired high stability under the influence of path dependence. These include the dogma about transaction costs as frictions, the dogma about the unproductiveness of transactions as a generator of losses, “Stigler—Coase” theorem and the logic of transaction cost minimization, and also the dogma about the priority of institutions providing low-cost transactions. The listed dogmas underlie the prevailing tradition of transactional analysis the frictional paradigm — which, in turn, is the foundation of neo-institutional theory. Therefore, the community of new institutionalists implicitly blocks attempts of a serious revision of this dogmatics. The purpose of the article is to substantiate a post-institutional (alternative to the dominant neo-institutional discourse) value-oriented perspective for the development of transactional studies based on rethinking and combining forgotten theoretical alternatives. Those are Commons’s theory of transactions, Wallis—North’s theory of transaction sector, theory of transaction benefits (T. Sandler, N. Komesar, T. Eggertsson) and Zajac—Olsen’s theory of transaction value. The article provides arguments and examples in favor of broader explanatory possibilities of value-oriented transactional analysis.

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