Pharmacoeconomic analysis by the cost-minimization method of fluconazole drugs recommended for use in candidiosis

Candidiasis is a group of fungal diseases of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Candidiasis treatment is mainly carried out with antifungal agents for systemic use. Fluconazole preparations, which have proven clinical efficacy and safety, and are also most often used in Ukraine, are presented in the largest number of TN in the pharmaceutical market. The aim of the work is to analyze cost minimization when using fluconazole preparations for pharmacotherapy of three different pharmacotherapy schemes for candidiasis. The analysis of minimizing the costs of fluconazole preparations was carried out using the retail cost of medicines according to the Morion company Pharmexplorer analytical market research system (as of February 2019). In the process of calculating the cost of the course of treatment of patients with candidiasis, fluconazole preparations used for pharmacotherapy of 1) vaginal candidiasis were used; 2) dermatomycosis, atrophic candidiasis of the mucous membranes, oropharyngeal candidiasis; 3) candidiasis of the esophagus, candiduria. The study evaluated only the direct costs of treating patients with candidiasis with fluconazole preparations. Calculation of the cost of pharmacotherapy with fluconazole was carried out taking into account the price per package of drugs, the daily dose of drugs with the determination of the cost of one unit (tablets, capsules), one day of treatment and the course of treatment. Based on the results obtained, using the pharmacoeconomic method of «cost minimization», the least costly drugs were selected for the course of treatment with fluconazole. The calculation results showed that the minimum direct costs for the course of pharmacotherapy of the vaginal candidiasis are 9.88 UAH; the minimum direct costs for the treatment of dermatomycoses, atrophic candidiasis of the mucous membranes, oropharyngeal candidiasis are UAH 26.01, and for the treatment of candidiasis of the esophagus and candiduria – UAH 50.28. In a difficult socio-economic situation in Ukraine, the use of the least expensive representatives of antifungal drugs for systemic use is economically feasible. The results of this study will allow the doctor or pharmacist to choose fluconazole preparations in various doses and dosage forms for patients with low solvency.

Download Full-text

Calculation of the cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of trastuzumab

Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana ◽

10.52532/2663-4864-2020-1-55-9-11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 9-11

Author(s):

I. M. OMAROVA ◽

J. O. NURKETAEVA ◽

D. D. DOROGAN

Keyword(s):

Targeted Therapy ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

Subcutaneous Administration ◽

Comparable Efficacy ◽

Minimization Method ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽

The Cost

Rational selection of medicines with an assessment of their pharmacoeconomic effectiveness is the most effective way to ensure safe and efficient treatment and economical use of budget funds allocated for drug therapy, as well as to reduce the time of hospitalization and treatment of patients. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of using the subcutaneous and intravenous forms of drug Trastuzumab. Research tasks: 1. Estimate costs when using subcutaneous trastuzumab in an outpatient chemotherapy room (OCR). 2. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a day patient department (DPD). 3. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a round-the-clock hospital. Results: The paper presents the pharmacoeconomic analysis of targeted therapy with trastuzumab in two forms for intravenous administration (IV) and trastuzumab emtansine for subcutaneous administration (SC) in breast cancer by cost minimization method. The costs of used drugs are according to the price-list of the unified national distributor SK Pharmacia as of January 1, 2018. At comparable efficacy and toxicity, the estimated cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab per 100 patients per year is KZT 16,939,600 ($ 50,972) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in DPD vs. KZT 41,783,200 ($ 125,728) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in a round-the-clock hospital. Conclusions: Based on the above, the subcutaneous form is economically feasible for conducting targeted therapy with trastuzumab.

Download Full-text

PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATIN TABLETS - IN VITRO PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.23670 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Vidyavathi M ◽

Koteswaramma L ◽

Krishnaveni A ◽

Madhuri T ◽

Sarada B

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽

Weight Variation ◽

The Cost ◽

In Vitro Performance

Objective: Pharmacoeconomics refers to the scientific discipline that compares the value of pharmaceutical drugs or drug therapies. The pharmacoeconomic analysis includes the research methods related to cost minimization, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analysis. The present study concerned with the pharmacoeconomic analysis of statin tablets (simvastatin [S1-S5], atorvastatin [A1-A5], and rosuvastatin [R1-R5]) of different brands which are varying in their prices using in vitro evaluation methods of tablets.Methods: Weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, and dissolution tests of all selected statin tablets were performed as per official procedure for the pharmacoeconomic comparative analysis.Results: It was found the least T90% with S5 and high T90% with S1 tablets among simvastatin tablets, the least T90% was observed with A1 and A5 and high T90% with A2 tablets among atorvastatin tablets, and least T 90% was observed with R5 and high T90% with R2 was found among rosuvastatin tablets without any relation with their order of prices. Hence, the study concluded that there is no significant correlation between cost and in vitro performance as there is no excellent in vitro performance found from the costliest tablets and vice versa.Conclusion: The range of the cost of different marketed statin tablets is from Rs.17.5 to Rs.127.0 per a strip of 10 tablets. All brands of three drugs have equal strength which are assumed to produce the same outcomes. As there is no significant correlation between cost and results of some of in vitro parameters of the tablets, the cost minimization analysis can be ruled out for these brands of S1 to

Download Full-text

Pharmacoeconomic issues of antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients (older than 75 years)

Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) ◽

10.18705/1607-419x-2011-17-4-361-365 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 361-365

Author(s):

M. M. Petrova ◽

O. P. Bobrova ◽

D. S. Kaskaeva

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Antihypertensive Therapy ◽

Cost Efficiency ◽

Antihypertensive Effect ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

High Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Drug Combination Therapy ◽

The Cost

Objective. To carry out a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients of high cardiovascular risk by the means of the method assessing «expenses - benefits», cost minimization, the increment of cost efficiency. Results. The cost of the daily efficient dose of the original (Renitec, MSD) and generic Enalapril (Hemofarm) was 6,54 and 7,25 rubles, respectively. Minimal coefficient «expenses - benefits» was defined in the group of patients receiving two drug combination therapy including original Enalapril (Renitec, MSD) compared to combination of three drugs including generic Enalapril (Hemofarm) while the antihypertensive effect was comparable. The cost efficiency increment (CER incr) was 169,12 rubles regarding original Enalapril (Renitec, MSD) benefit.

Download Full-text

Decision making for stable inspection planning of deteriorating structures based on constraint reliability and uncertainties

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v3i3.3042 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 409

Author(s):

Jalal Alsarraf ◽

S.A.M. Swilem ◽

Khaled Alawadhi

Keyword(s):

Cost Minimization ◽

Life Time ◽

Time Cost ◽

Inspection Planning ◽

Minimization Method ◽

Acceptable Result ◽

Target Values ◽

Optimal Criterion ◽

The Cost ◽

Failure Probabilities

Life-time cost minimization is considered as the optimal criterion for planning of inspection, repair and maintenance of structures. However, most of the probabilities and the cost items related to the cost analysis generally contain inevitable uncertainties in actual cases. The appropriateness of inspection planning may be lost by several errors induced by such uncertainties. In this study, a cost minimization method with the constraint of reliability is developed in order to obtain stable inspection planning against the estimation errors of the parameters. In the analysis, the life-time cost optimization is carried out under the constraint that the failure probabilities of the members are controlled below the respective target values allowed for the members. First, initial target failure probabilities are assumed for each member. Then, the robustness of the inspection planning is investigated by adjusting the parameters within the range of uncertainties. The initial values of the target failure probabilities are altered until an acceptable result is obtained. The applicability of the proposed method is examined for a structure with several uncertain parameters. A sequential cost minimization method is employed to optimize the life-time cost. It is made clear that by using this approach, the stability of the life-time cost is maintained without losing the benefit of the cost minimization method. Keywords: Crack, Fatigue, Inspection, Numerical Model, Reliability, Structure.

Download Full-text

Analysis of the vitamin’s list with pharmacoeconomic rates for the treatment of long covid conditions during the pandemic COVID-19 in Ukraine

Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal ◽

10.32352/0367-3057.5.21.02 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 16-26

Author(s):

Я. О. Гриньків ◽

О. Б. Блавацька ◽

Г. Ю. Яцкова ◽

О. М. Заліська

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Vital Activity ◽

Cost Of Treatment ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

The Cost ◽

Comparative Content

To ensure adequate vital activity, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the human body needs, in particular vitamins, minerals (macro and micronutrients). The purpose of the study is the range, qualitative and quantitative composition of vitamin complexes (VC) in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine; to develop a method of pharmacoeconomic analysis to determine the cost of treatment of VC. Materials of research – data DRLZ, «Compendium», prices for VC (www.tabletki.ua). Research methods: webometric, comparative, content, «cost minimization» analysis; systematization, generalization. 20 VCs were analyzed, of which 15 – group A11A (75%) and 5 – A11B (25%). The highest content of vitamins in: Elevit Pronatal, Vitrum Energy, etc. All groups of vitamins contain: Vitrum Centuri, Vitrum Energy. The least vitamins in – Metovitan, Optics. Vitrum Centuri and Vitrum Energy contain most of the trace elements. Metovitan, Optics, Quadevit contain the least amount of trace elements. In addition to trace elements, the composition of VC includes: amino acids (cysteine, methionine), papain, fish oil, etc. It is established that the recommended doses of vitamins A, C, B1, B2, B5, B6, B12 in Ukraine are higher than recommended by the WHO; D, B9, H – the recommended doses in Ukraine are lower than recommended by the WHO; recommended doses of all trace elements in Ukraine are higher than the WHO. 20 VCs are registered in Ukraine, of which 15 are group A11A and 5 are A11B. 90% of VC contain vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B9, B12, PP. Vitamin B6 – in 85% of VC; vitamin D3 is in the composition of 62% of VC; vitamin B5 – 58%; vitamins H and K – in the composition of almost 15% of VC. It was found that 54% of VCs contain calcium; 61.5% of VC contain iron and copper; 31% of VC contain phosphorus and manganese; up to 23% of VCs contain molybdenum, boron, nickel, vanadium, tin, etc. It is established that Zinc is a part of 62% of VCs registered in Ukraine. The results of pharmacoeconomic analysis by the method of «minimization of cost» showed that the affordability of domestic multivitamin and vitamin-mineral complexes are 1.5–4.7 times more economically affordable for treatment compared to imported, with a qualitative composition are similar. Quantitative content of vitamins and minerals in domestic VC meets the national requirements of daily intake.

Download Full-text

Calculation of the cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of trastuzumab

Oncologia i radiologia Kazakhstana ◽

10.52532/2521-6414-2020-1-55-11-13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 11-13

Author(s):

I. M. Omarova ◽

J. O. Nurketaeva ◽

D. D. Dorogan

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Subcutaneous Administration ◽

Comparable Efficacy ◽

Trastuzumab Emtansine ◽

Minimization Method ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽

The Cost ◽

Selection Of

Rational selection of medicines with an assessment of their pharmacoeconomic effectiveness is the most effective way to ensure safe and efficient treatment and economical use of budget funds allocated for drug therapy, as well as to reduce the time of hospitalization and treatment of patients. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of using the subcutaneous and intravenous forms of drug Trastuzumab. Research tasks: 1. Estimate costs when using subcutaneous trastuzumab in an outpatient chemotherapy room (OCR). 2. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a day patient department (DPD) 3. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a round-the-clock hospital Results: The paper presents the pharmacoeconomic analysis of targeted therapy with trastuzumab in two forms for intravenous (IV) administration and trastuzumab emtansine for subcutaneous (SC) administration in breast cancer by cost minimization method. The costs include the cost of used drugs according to the price-list of the unified national distributor SK Pharmacia as of January 1, 2018. At comparable efficacy and toxicity, the estimated cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab per 100 patients per year is KZT16,939,600 ($50,972) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in DPD vs. KZT41,783,200 ($125,728) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in a round-theclock hospital.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of restricted antibiotic utilization and cost-minimization analysis in a tertiary care hospital in India

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20210095 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 116

Author(s):

Dhakchinamoorthi Krishna Kumar ◽

Mani Swapna ◽

Srinivasan Kanmani ◽

Varghese Varsha ◽

Nair V. Vidya

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Unit Cost ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Cost Minimization Analysis ◽

The Cost ◽

Mean Cost

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a major menace to public health and treatment of several infectious diseases, also associated with an economic burden to society. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of antibiotic usage and cost-minimization analysis provides better and low-cost drug selection for the patients.Methods: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional, observational analysis of restricted antibiotics in the prescriptions (n= 191). Cost minimization analysis was conducted for the restricted antibiotics alone. The drug costs of prescribed brands were compared with the least cost brands, and the percentage cost difference was calculated and compared by student paired ‘t’ test. P<0.05 considered statistical significance. Results: The average age of the patients was found to be 58.1±18.3 (Mean±SD) years, and most of the restricted antibiotics were prescribed for the treatment of hospital-acquired infections 71.7%. Meropenem was prescribed highly 29.8% followed by imipenem (28.8%) and colistin (12%). The major reason for starting restricted antibiotics was found to be infectious diseases (27.7%). The cost-minimization analysis showed that the total unit cost for caspofungin (₹1,85,000 or $2523.40) was found to be higher followed by meropenem (₹1,29,800) in the prescriptions. The mean cost of actually prescribed restricted antibiotics was found to be ₹68,338±61,332 (Mean±SD). The lowest mean cost of restricted antibiotics was found to be ₹32,223±31,082 (p<0.05).Conclusions: Pharmacoeconomic cost-minimization analysis was a useful tool for clinical pharmacist in the selection of appropriate antibiotics and minimizing the burden of the cost of the drugs, it provides a better outcome in patients while using restricted antibiotics with infectious disease.

Download Full-text

Tax maneuver in the oil industry: Provisional results and risks for further implementation

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2020-10-28-43 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 28-43

Author(s):

A. S. Kaukin ◽

E. М. Miller

Keyword(s):

Oil Industry ◽

Oil Products ◽

Oil Refining ◽

State Budget ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Oil Companies ◽

Reform Plan ◽

Alternative Variant ◽

Calculation Results ◽

The Cost

The paper analyzes the consequences of the abolition of the export duty on oil and oil products as a necessary step to stimulate energy efficiency of Russia’s economy and eliminate underdevelopment provoked by a long-term subsidizing of inefficient oil refining sector in Russia. The calculation results have shown that even taking into account several deviations from the planned scenarios of changing the parameters of tax regulation of the oil industry in 2014— 2019, the tax maneuver brought over 3.5 trillion rubles (in 2019 — 148 billion rubles) to the state budget in 2014—2017, mainly due to an increase in the base mineral extraction tax rate, and contributed to an increase in the depth of oil refining from 72% to 85%. In addition, the article analyzes possible risks associated with the current plan for reforming the taxation of the industry until 2024 and proposes an alternative that could level some of them. A comparative analysis of the effects of the tax maneuver under the current reform plan and the alternative variant suggests that the latter will allow to achieve a greater total budgetary effect in four years, reduce the cost of subsidizing domestic oil refining, increase the efficiency of Russian vertically integrated oil companies, and reduce the growth rate of oil products prices in the retail market.

Download Full-text

Cost-minimization analysis of drugs used in the treatment of Asthma and COPD diseases in India

Current Drug Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574885515999200813193250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Billu Payal ◽

Anoop Kumar ◽

Harsh Saxena

Keyword(s):

Generic Drugs ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Pulmonary Medicine ◽

Potential Cost ◽

Maximum Cost ◽

Cost Minimization Analysis ◽

Cost Variation ◽

The Cost

Background: Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) are well known respiratory diseases affecting millions of peoples in India. In the market, various branded generics, as well as generic drugs, are available for their treatment and how much cost will be saved by utilizing generic medicine is still unclear among physicians. Thus, the main aim of the current investigation was to perform cost-minimization analysis of generic versus branded generic (high and low expensive) drugs and branded generic (high expensive) versus branded generic (least expensive) used in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Era Medical University, Lucknow for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Methodology: The current index of medical stores (CIMS) was referred for the cost of branded drugs whereas the cost of generic drugs was taken from Jan Aushadi scheme of India 2016. The percentage of cost variation particularly to Asthma and COPD regimens on substituting available generic drugs was calculated using standard formula and costs were presented in Indian Rupees (as of 2019). Results: The maximum cost variation was found between the respules budesonide high expensive branded generic versus least expensive branded generic drugs and generic versus high expensive branded generic. In combination, the maximum cost variation was observed in the montelukast and levocetirizine combination. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study inferred that substituting generic antiasthmatics and COPD drugs can bring potential cost savings in patients.

Download Full-text