scholarly journals Decision making for stable inspection planning of deteriorating structures based on constraint reliability and uncertainties

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Jalal Alsarraf ◽  
S.A.M. Swilem ◽  
Khaled Alawadhi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Acceptable Result ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Optimal Criterion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Failure Probabilities

Life-time cost minimization is considered as the optimal criterion for planning of inspection, repair and maintenance of structures. However, most of the probabilities and the cost items related to the cost analysis generally contain inevitable uncertainties in actual cases. The appropriateness of inspection planning may be lost by several errors induced by such uncertainties. In this study, a cost minimization method with the constraint of reliability is developed in order to obtain stable inspection planning against the estimation errors of the parameters. In the analysis, the life-time cost optimization is carried out under the constraint that the failure probabilities of the members are controlled below the respective target values allowed for the members. First, initial target failure probabilities are assumed for each member. Then, the robustness of the inspection planning is investigated by adjusting the parameters within the range of uncertainties. The initial values of the target failure probabilities are altered until an acceptable result is obtained. The applicability of the proposed method is examined for a structure with several uncertain parameters. A sequential cost minimization method is employed to optimize the life-time cost. It is made clear that by using this approach, the stability of the life-time cost is maintained without losing the benefit of the cost minimization method. Keywords: Crack, Fatigue, Inspection, Numerical Model, Reliability, Structure.

Inventory Replenishment for Profit Maximization over a Finite Horizon under One-time Cost Changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. S235-S248
Author(s):  
F. J. Arcelus ◽  
T. P. M. Pakkala ◽  
G. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Finite Horizon ◽  
Maximization Problem ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Optimal Policies ◽  
The Cost

This article considers the optimal inventory ordering, purchasing and holding policies of the profit-maximization problem, as against the well-known cost-minimization case, over a finite horizon of length H, under two special conditions. First, there is change in at least one of the inventory costs, that is, in the cost of ordering and/or purchasing/holding, at some point, Tc < H, during the planning horizon. Second, it is not necessary to satisfy the demand, at a rate of R units per year, for the entire horizon. Rather, the objective is to meet the demand for a period of length H1 ≤ H. In fact, if the retailer does not have the obligation to meet the entire demand, this article shows the conditions wherein it may be more profitable to meet only a portion or may be even none of the demand. Further, such a determination can be made up front, with H1 as a decision variable and the optimal policies of the cost-minimization models, by fulfilling the entire demand, will result in lower profits. Numerical examples are included to identify the demand fulfilment and the profit differences between the cost-minimization and profit-maximization optimal policies, under the different one-time cost changes.

scholarly journals Calculation of the cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of trastuzumab

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
I. M. OMAROVA ◽  
J. O. NURKETAEVA ◽  
D. D. DOROGAN
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽  
The Cost

Rational selection of medicines with an assessment of their pharmacoeconomic effectiveness is the most effective way to ensure safe and efficient treatment and economical use of budget funds allocated for drug therapy, as well as to reduce the time of hospitalization and treatment of patients. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of using the subcutaneous and intravenous forms of drug Trastuzumab. Research tasks: 1. Estimate costs when using subcutaneous trastuzumab in an outpatient chemotherapy room (OCR). 2. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a day patient department (DPD). 3. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a round-the-clock hospital. Results: The paper presents the pharmacoeconomic analysis of targeted therapy with trastuzumab in two forms for intravenous administration (IV) and trastuzumab emtansine for subcutaneous administration (SC) in breast cancer by cost minimization method. The costs of used drugs are according to the price-list of the unified national distributor SK Pharmacia as of January 1, 2018. At comparable efficacy and toxicity, the estimated cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab per 100 patients per year is KZT 16,939,600 ($ 50,972) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in DPD vs. KZT 41,783,200 ($ 125,728) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in a round-the-clock hospital. Conclusions: Based on the above, the subcutaneous form is economically feasible for conducting targeted therapy with trastuzumab.

scholarly journals Calculation of the cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous administration of trastuzumab

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
I. M. Omarova ◽  
J. O. Nurketaeva ◽  
D. D. Dorogan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Trastuzumab Emtansine ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Rational selection of medicines with an assessment of their pharmacoeconomic effectiveness is the most effective way to ensure safe and efficient treatment and economical use of budget funds allocated for drug therapy, as well as to reduce the time of hospitalization and treatment of patients. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of using the subcutaneous and intravenous forms of drug Trastuzumab. Research tasks: 1. Estimate costs when using subcutaneous trastuzumab in an outpatient chemotherapy room (OCR). 2. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a day patient department (DPD) 3. Estimate costs when using intravenous trastuzumab in a round-the-clock hospital Results: The paper presents the pharmacoeconomic analysis of targeted therapy with trastuzumab in two forms for intravenous (IV) administration and trastuzumab emtansine for subcutaneous (SC) administration in breast cancer by cost minimization method. The costs include the cost of used drugs according to the price-list of the unified national distributor SK Pharmacia as of January 1, 2018. At comparable efficacy and toxicity, the estimated cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab per 100 patients per year is KZT16,939,600 ($50,972) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in DPD vs. KZT41,783,200 ($125,728) for SC administration in OCR and IV administration in a round-theclock hospital.

scholarly journals Pharmacoeconomic analysis by the cost-minimization method of fluconazole drugs recommended for use in candidiosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
O. V. Tkachova ◽  
L. V. Iakovlieva ◽  
T. I. Sheptak
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Vaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Cost

Candidiasis is a group of fungal diseases of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Candidiasis treatment is mainly carried out with antifungal agents for systemic use. Fluconazole preparations, which have proven clinical efficacy and safety, and are also most often used in Ukraine, are presented in the largest number of TN in the pharmaceutical market. The aim of the work is to analyze cost minimization when using fluconazole preparations for pharmacotherapy of three different pharmacotherapy schemes for candidiasis. The analysis of minimizing the costs of fluconazole preparations was carried out using the retail cost of medicines according to the Morion company Pharmexplorer analytical market research system (as of February 2019). In the process of calculating the cost of the course of treatment of patients with candidiasis, fluconazole preparations used for pharmacotherapy of 1) vaginal candidiasis were used; 2) dermatomycosis, atrophic candidiasis of the mucous membranes, oropharyngeal candidiasis; 3) candidiasis of the esophagus, candiduria. The study evaluated only the direct costs of treating patients with candidiasis with fluconazole preparations. Calculation of the cost of pharmacotherapy with fluconazole was carried out taking into account the price per package of drugs, the daily dose of drugs with the determination of the cost of one unit (tablets, capsules), one day of treatment and the course of treatment. Based on the results obtained, using the pharmacoeconomic method of «cost minimization», the least costly drugs were selected for the course of treatment with fluconazole. The calculation results showed that the minimum direct costs for the course of pharmacotherapy of the vaginal candidiasis are 9.88 UAH; the minimum direct costs for the treatment of dermatomycoses, atrophic candidiasis of the mucous membranes, oropharyngeal candidiasis are UAH 26.01, and for the treatment of candidiasis of the esophagus and candiduria – UAH 50.28. In a difficult socio-economic situation in Ukraine, the use of the least expensive representatives of antifungal drugs for systemic use is economically feasible. The results of this study will allow the doctor or pharmacist to choose fluconazole preparations in various doses and dosage forms for patients with low solvency.

Cost-minimization analysis of drugs used in the treatment of Asthma and COPD diseases in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billu Payal ◽  
Anoop Kumar ◽  
Harsh Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Pulmonary Medicine ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Maximum Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization Analysis ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
The Cost

Background: Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) are well known respiratory diseases affecting millions of peoples in India. In the market, various branded generics, as well as generic drugs, are available for their treatment and how much cost will be saved by utilizing generic medicine is still unclear among physicians. Thus, the main aim of the current investigation was to perform cost-minimization analysis of generic versus branded generic (high and low expensive) drugs and branded generic (high expensive) versus branded generic (least expensive) used in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Era Medical University, Lucknow for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Methodology: The current index of medical stores (CIMS) was referred for the cost of branded drugs whereas the cost of generic drugs was taken from Jan Aushadi scheme of India 2016. The percentage of cost variation particularly to Asthma and COPD regimens on substituting available generic drugs was calculated using standard formula and costs were presented in Indian Rupees (as of 2019). Results: The maximum cost variation was found between the respules budesonide high expensive branded generic versus least expensive branded generic drugs and generic versus high expensive branded generic. In combination, the maximum cost variation was observed in the montelukast and levocetirizine combination. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study inferred that substituting generic antiasthmatics and COPD drugs can bring potential cost savings in patients.

Value-based dentistry: Putting the patient first

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreenivas Koka ◽  
Galya Raz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

What does ‘value’ mean? In the context of dental care, it can be defined as the quality of care received by a patient divided by the cost to the patient of receiving that care. In other words: V =Q/C, where Q equals the quality improvement over time, which most patients view in the context of the outcome, the service provided and safety/risk management, and C equals the financial, biological and time cost to the patient. Here, the need for, and implications of, value-based density for clinicians and patients alike are explored.

Compensation based on active power filters – The cost minimization

2015 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Maciążek ◽  
Dariusz Grabowski ◽  
Marian Pasko ◽  
Michał Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Active Power ◽  
Active Power Filters ◽  
Power Filters ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Periodic deworming programme in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e100091110722
Author(s):  
Ariel Oliveira Celestino ◽  
Pablo Amercio Silva Lima ◽  
Larissa Maria Cardoso Lima Rodrigues ◽  
Camila Mendonça França ◽  
Isabel Ribeiro Santana Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Observational Descriptive Study

To evaluate the periodic deworming programme (PDP) against soil-transmitted helminth infection and estimate the cost-benefit of this action in a Northeastern Brazilian State. An observational descriptive study was peformed by two branches: an epidemiological analysis of parasitological stool tests positivity in the 7 health micro-regions of Sergipe State, from January to June 2019, and a cost-benefitial analysis through comparison between estimated costs of PDP and conventional diagnose and treatment method from 2014 to 2018. From the 1110 parasitological stool tests evaluated, 317 were positive: 20 (1.8 %) for helminths and 307 (26.7%) for protozoan parasites. Among positive tests, 61 (19.2%) were in PDP age target group (5-14 years). An annual average of 255,283 Albendazole tablets (400mg, single dose) were distributed with an annual average coverage rate of 84.2%. To support the programme, approximately R$ 281,859.25 (US$ 89,775.67) were transferred per year to the state of Sergipe. PDP estimated cost-effectiveness was R$ 1.10 (US$ 0.34) per event prevented and generated a cost-minimization of approximately R$ 335.617,60 (US$124,568.00) when compared to the conventional diagnose and treat method. The positive rates of soil-transmitted helminth infection in parasitological tests in Sergipe were low and the recommendation for PDP seems to be currently inadequate. Most positive tests were for commensal protozoa species. PDP estimated cost is lower than conventional diagnose and treatment method. Protozoa infections prevention policies should be evaluated as they are the major parasitic infection in our community after PDP.

scholarly journals A Tripartite Analysis of Online Healthcare Platforms: Evidence from Spring Rain Doctor in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Cao ◽  
Lanting Zhang ◽  
Dan Lv ◽  
Weijia Li ◽  
Zeyu Xing
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Information Protection ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
New Form ◽  
Evaluation Mechanism ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Online healthcare platform (OHP) is a new form of medical treatment, which solves the problems of unbalanced distribution of medical resources and expensive medical treatment in China. Especially under the epidemic of COVID-19, OHP has greatly reduced the medical pressure of the hospital and the risk of cross infection. Methods This paper uses evolutionary game theory to analyze behavioral strategies and their dynamic evolution in the promotion of OHP, and then numerical simulations are carried out with the help of program compilation. Results The results demonstrate that: (1) both the stricter qualification inspection of doctors and the more investment in information protection promote the participation of doctors and the use of patients; (2) with a higher initial probability of doctors joining, the possibility for patients in using OHP and platforms to provide standardized online healthcare services becomes higher; (3) if the initial probability of patients using is higher, the possibility for doctors to participate OHP and platforms to provide standardized online healthcare services raises; (4) the trend of doctors joining the platform is affected by factors, such as registration cost, time cost, reputation loss and so on; (5) the tendency of patients in using online healthcare is mainly decided by the cost. Conclusions Based on theoretical analysis, this article takes the Spring Rain Doctor OHP as an example to verify the game results. Therefore, OHP should attach importance to the inspection of doctors and the protection of privacy information, and strengthen the publicity in remote places. At the same time OHP can promote the active participation of grassroots doctors, and set a reasonable evaluation mechanism, so as to popularize online medical treatment among patients further.

scholarly journals Costs and efficacy ofolanzapine and risperidone in schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Vittorio Mapelli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Italian National Health Service ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effectiveness Studies

Introduction: schizophrenia is a serious and long lasting psychiatric disease. The new “atypical” antipsychotic drugs, introduced in the 90s, have substantially improved the effectiveness of medical treatments, compared to previous neuroleptic drugs. Nowadays they tend to be used as first choice drugs. The ddd cost of atypicals may differ by 20% and health authorities may have an incentive to deliver the less costly drug, especially if they are generic. However the various drugs show differential effectiveness rates and a rational choice should consider both cost and effectiveness.
Objective: the purpose of this analysis is to review the existing evidence on cost-effectiveness studies of olanzapine and risperidone, the two most prescribed drugs in Italy. Six published studies were identified, but attention was focused on two articles that reported consistent and methodologically sound results.
Results: most reviewed studies are cost-minimization analyses, since effectiveness indicators show no significant statistical difference between the two drugs, and are inconclusive since the results depend on the evaluation setting. However one observational retrospective study showed a significant severity reduction over 12 months for patients treated with olanzapine (-2.46 on HoNOS scale; p<0.05), compared to a smaller non significant reduction of the risperidone group (-0.57). Despite the higher drug cost, the average total cost per reduced severity score was lower for olanzapine than for risperidone patients (€ 4,554 vs. € 10,897). The only medical and related health care costs for risperidone patients were higher than total costs for olanzapine patients. Another study comparing cohorts of patients with similar starting severity showed a significant severity reduction and global functioning increase over 12 months for olanzapine but no significant increase for risperidone patients (-0.35, p<0.01 on CGI scale; +3.66, p <0.05 on GAF scale, compared respectively to -0.27, p<0.05 and +2.00 n.s.). Again average cost per reduced severity/increased functioning score was higher for risperidone than olanzapine patients (€ 4,568 vs. € 4,170 for CGI and € 2,284 vs. € 1,139 for GAF scales respectively).
Conclusion: the use of olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia is the most cost-effective alternative for the SSN (Italian National health service), as it minimizes the cost per score of severity reduction or functioning increase. Even if the price of risperidone were to be reduced by 50% (becoming a generic), total 12 months treatment costs would exceed those of olanzapine in its highest ddd (30 mg).


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