Multi-objective tailored optimization deciphering carbon partitioning and metabolomic tuning in response to elevated CO2 levels, organic carbon and sparging period

Abstract Pacific salmon stocks are in decline with climate change named as a contributing factor. The North Pacific coast of British Columbia is characterized by strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in ocean conditions with upwelling events elevating CO2 levels up to 10-fold those of pre-industrial global averages. Early life stages of pink salmon have been shown to be affected by these CO2 levels, and juveniles naturally migrate through regions of high CO2 during the energetically costly phase of smoltification. To investigate the physiological response of out-migrating wild juvenile pink salmon to these naturally occurring elevated CO2 levels, we captured fish in Georgia Strait, British Columbia and transported them to a marine lab (Hakai Institute, Quadra Island) where fish were exposed to one of three CO2 levels (850, 1500 and 2000 μatm CO2) for 2 weeks. At ½, 1 and 2 weeks of exposure, we measured their weight and length to calculate condition factor (Fulton’s K), as well as haematocrit and plasma [Cl−]. At each of these times, two additional stressors were imposed (hypoxia and temperature) to provide further insight into their physiological condition. Juvenile pink salmon were largely robust to elevated CO2 concentrations up to 2000 μatm CO2, with no mortality or change in condition factor over the 2-week exposure duration. After 1 week of exposure, temperature and hypoxia tolerance were significantly reduced in high CO2, an effect that did not persist to 2 weeks of exposure. Haematocrit was increased by 20% after 2 weeks in the CO2 treatments relative to the initial measurements, while plasma [Cl−] was not significantly different. Taken together, these data indicate that juvenile pink salmon are quite resilient to naturally occurring high CO2 levels during their ocean outmigration.

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Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon partitioning and exudate release from Plantago lanceolata seedlings

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030216.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. 280-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Angela Hodge ◽

Peter Millard

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Plantago Lanceolata ◽

Carbon Partitioning

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Elevated CO2 levels alleviated toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to rice and soil bacteria

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149822 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 149822

Author(s):

Wenchao Du ◽

Meiling Xu ◽

Ying Yin ◽

Yuanyuan Sun ◽

Jichun Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Soil Bacteria ◽

Co2 Levels

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Biochemical and Physiological Basis for Effects of Elevated CO2 Levels on Fruits and Vegetables

10.32747/1994.7604313.bard ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo Kerbel ◽

Ruth Ben-Arie ◽

Adel Kader

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Co2 Levels

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Organic matter exudation by <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> under simulated future ocean conditions

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-9-1199-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1199-1236 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Borchard ◽

A. Engel

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Emiliania Huxleyi ◽

Greenhouse Condition ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Temperature Conditions ◽

Extracellular Release ◽

Aggregation Processes ◽

Elevated Co2 And Temperature

Abstract. Emiliania huxleyi (strain B 92/11) was exposed to different growth, CO2 and temperature conditions in phosphorous controlled chemostats, to investigate effects on organic carbon exudation, and partitioning between the pools of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 14C incubation measurements for primary production (PP) and for extracellular release (ER) were performed. Chemical analysis included amount and composition of high molecular weight dissolved combined carbohydrates (>1 kDa, HMW-dCCHO), particulate combined carbohydrates (pCCHO) and the carbon content of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP-C). Applied CO2 and temperature conditions were 300, 550 and 900 μatm pCO2 at 14 °C, and additionally 900 μatm pCO2 at 18 °C simulating a greenhouse ocean scenario. A reduction in growth rate from μ =0.3 d−1 to μ =0.1 d−1 induced the most profound effect on the performance of E. huxleyi, relative to the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature. At μ =0.3 d−1, PP was significantly higher at elevated CO2 and temperature. DO14C production correlated to PO14C production in all cultures, resulting in similar percentages of extracellular release (DO14C/PP × 100; PER) of averaged 3.74 &pm; 0.94%. At μ =0.1 d−1, PO14C decreased significantly, while exudation of DO14C increased, thus leading to a stronger partitioning from the particulate to the dissolved pool. Maximum PER of 16.3 &pm; 2.3% were observed at μ =0.1 d−1 at greenhouse conditions. Concentrations of HMW-dCCHO and pCCHO were generally higher at μ =0.1 d−1 compared to μ =0.3 d−1. At μ =0.3 d−1, pCCHO concentration increased significantly along with elevated CO2 and temperature. Despite of high PER, the percentage of HMW-dCCHO was smallest at greenhouse conditions. However, highest TEP-formation was observed under greenhouse conditions, together with a pronounced increase in pCCHO concentration, suggesting a stronger partitioning of PP from DOC to POC by coagulation of exudates. Our results imply that greenhouse condition will enhance exudation processes in E. huxleyi and may affect organic carbon partitioning in the ocean due to an enhanced transfer of HMW-dCCHO to TEP by aggregation processes.

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Effects of ocean acidification on hatch size and larval growth of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fst053 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 812-822 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Thomas P. Hurst ◽

Elena R. Fernandez ◽

Jeremy T. Mathis

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Walleye Pollock ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Theragra Chalcogramma ◽

Walleye Pollock Theragra Chalcogramma ◽

Co2 Levels ◽

Critical Resource ◽

Co2 Level

Abstract Hurst, T. P., Fernandez, E. R., and Mathis, J. T. 2013. Effects of ocean acidification on hatch size and larval growth of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 812–822. Rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are predicted to decrease the pH of high-latitude oceans by 0.3–0.5 units by 2100. Because of their limited capacity for ion exchange, embryos and larvae of marine fishes are predicted to be more sensitive to elevated CO2 than juveniles and adults. Eggs and larvae of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were incubated across a broad range of CO2 levels (280–2100 µatm) to evaluate sensitivity in this critical resource species. Slightly elevated CO2 levels (∼450 µatm) resulted in earlier hatching times, but differences among egg batches were greater than those observed across CO2 treatments. Egg batches differed significantly in size-at-hatch metrics, but we observed no consistent effect of CO2 level. In three independent experiments, walleye pollock were reared at ambient and elevated CO2 levels through the early larval stage (to ∼30 days post-hatch). Across trials, there were only minor effects of CO2 level on size and growth rate, but fish in the ambient treatments tended to be slightly smaller than fish reared at elevated CO2 levels. These results suggest that growth potential of early life stages of walleye pollock is resilient with respect to the direct physiological effects of ocean acidification.

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Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of leaf biomass reveals contrasting photosynthetic responses to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> near geologic vents in Yellowstone National Park

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-6-25-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. Sharma ◽

D. G. Williams

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Oxygen Isotope ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

National Park ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Leaf Biomass ◽

Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽

Co2 Levels ◽

Photosynthetic Responses

Abstract. In this study we explore the use of natural CO2 emissions in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) in Wyoming, USA to study responses of natural vegetation to elevated CO2 levels. Radiocarbon (14C) analysis of leaf biomass from a conifer (Pinus contortus; lodgepole pine) and an invasive, non-native herb (Linaria dalmatica; Dalmation toadflax) was used to trace the inputs of vent CO2 and quantify assimilation-weighted CO2 concentrations experienced by individual plants near vents and in comparable locations with no geologic CO2 exposure. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition and nitrogen percent of leaf biomass from the same plants was used to investigate photosynthetic responses of these plants to naturally elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The coupled shifts in carbon and oxygen isotope values suggest that dalmation toadflax responded to elevated CO2 exposure by increasing stomatal conductance with no change in photosynthetic capacity and lodgepole pine apparently responded by decreasing stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity. Lodgepole pine saplings exposed to elevated levels of CO2 likewise had reduced leaf nitrogen concentrations compared to plants with no enhanced CO2 exposure, further suggesting widespread and dominant conifer down-regulated photosynthetic capacity under elevated CO2 levels near geologic vents.

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