Modeling of the flow comparator as calibration device for high pressure natural gas flow metering in Modelica

The paper describes the background of the European Harmonized Reference Value for the cubic meter of Natural Gas at high pressure, which is in use in Germany, The Netherlands and France since May 4th, 2004. The harmonization process began on November 1st, 1999 between Germany and The Netherlands and has been finalized on May 4, 2004 due to the incorporation of the French LNE to the Harmonized Reference Value. The outcome was named: “Harmonized European Natural Gas Cubic Meter” as realized by three independent National Metrology Institutes. The prerequisites of the harmonization process, underlying procedures, results obtained so far and the mutual benefits will be pointed out as well as the economic consequences for the European market as well as for the international user. The paper shows the degree of equivalence between the three participating NMIs PTB, LNE and NMi-VSL. Under auspices of the BIPM (International Bureau for Weight and Measurers) as well as the CIPM (International Conference for Weight and Measures), which is the highest metrological authority worldwide, so called Key Comparisons (KC) have been conducted to get international reference values for all quantities of interest. Among these KCs, the flow area is of economic importance and Key Comparisons for natural gas flow at high pressure and larger flow rates have been conducted successfully. The outcome of such a KC is the international Key Comparisons Reference Value (KCRV), which is then considered to be the worldwide best available realization of Natural Gas Flow at high pressure. These KCs have been conducted among the National Primary Standards of all nations worldwide, represented by their National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and have been finalized in December 2004 and the KCRV has been approved by the BIPM in April 2005. It turns out at last that the international recommended reference value is exactly the same as the above mentioned European Harmonized Reference Value.

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Dynamic behaviour of high-pressure natural-gas flow in pipelines

International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow ◽

10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2005.03.011 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 817-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

L.M.C. Gato ◽

J.C.C. Henriques

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Dynamic Behaviour ◽

Natural Gas Flow

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Erosion of oval elbows in turbulent particulate natural gas flow with different aspect ratio of cross-sections

Particulate Science And Technology ◽

10.1080/02726351.2019.1673856 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Sina Bahmani ◽

Hamid Reza Nazif

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Aspect Ratio ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Natural Gas Flow

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Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer CFD Model for Methane Hydrate

Volume 10: Petroleum Technology ◽

10.1115/omae2015-42258 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Eugenio Turco Neto ◽

M. A. Rahman ◽

Syed Imtiaz ◽

Thiago dos Santos Pereira ◽

Fernanda Soares de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Multiphase Flow ◽

Gas Hydrate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Hydrate Formation ◽

Cfd Model ◽

Flow Metering ◽

Ansys Cfx ◽

Gas Hydrate Formation

The gas hydrates problem has been growing in offshore deep water condition where due to low temperature and high pressure hydrate formation becomes more favorable. Several studies have been done to predict the influence of gas hydrate formation in natural gas flow pipeline. However, the effects of multiphase hydrodynamic properties on hydrate formation are missing in these studies. The use of CFD to simulate gas hydrate formation can overcome this gap. In this study a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed for mass, heat and momentum transfer for better understanding natural gas hydrate formation and its migration into the pipelines using ANSYS CFX-14. The problem considered in this study is a three-dimensional multiphase-flow model based on Simon Lo (2003) study, which considered the oil-dominant flow in a pipeline with hydrate formation around water droplets dispersed into the oil phase. The results obtained in this study will be useful in designing a multiphase flow metering and a pump to overcome the pressure drop caused by hydrate formation in multiphase petroleum production.

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Field Calibration of Orifice Meters for Natural Gas Flow

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.3231397 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 22-33

Author(s):

V. C. Ting ◽

J. J. S. Shen

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Reynolds Numbers ◽

National Standard ◽

Test Facility ◽

Critical Flow ◽

Calibration Data ◽

Discharge Coefficients ◽

Sand Hills ◽

Natural Gas Flow

This paper presents the orifice calibration results for nominal 15.24, 10.16, and 5.08-cm (6, 4, 2-in.) orifice meters conducted at the Chevron’s Sand Hills natural gas flow measurement facility in Crane, Texas. Over 200 test runs were collected in a field environment to study the accuracy of the orifice meters. Data were obtained at beta ratios ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 at the nominal conditions of 4576 kPa and 27°C (650 psig and 80°F) with a 0.57 specific gravity processed, pipeline quality natural gas. A bank of critical flow nozzles was used as the flow rate proving device to calibrate the orifice meters. Orifice discharge coefficients were computed with ANSI/API 2530-1985 (AGA3) and ISO 5167/ASME MFC-3M-1984 equations for every set of data points. The uncertainty of the calibration system was analyzed according to The American National Standard (ANSI/ASME MFC-2M-A1983). The 10.16 and 5.08-cm (4 and 2-in.) orifice discharge coefficients agreed with the ANSI and ISO standards within the estimated uncertainty level. However, the 15.24-cm (6-in.) meter deviated up to − 2 percent at a beta ratio of 0.74. With the orifice bore Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 9 million, the Sand Hills calibration data bridge the gap between the Ohio State water data at low Reynolds numbers and Chevron’s high Reynolds number test data taken at a larger test facility in Venice, Louisiana. The test results also successfully demonstrated that orifice meters can be accurately proved with critical flow nozzles under realistic field conditions.

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