Test-Retest Reliability of Center of Pressure Measures for Postural Control Assessment in Older Cardiac Patients

BACKGROUND Accurately measuring postural sway is an important part of balance assessment and rehabilitation. While force plates give accurate measurements, their cost and space requirements make their use impractical in many situations. OBJECTIVE The work presented here is aimed at addressing this issue by validating a virtual reality (VR) headset as a relatively low-cost alternative for postural sway measurement. The HTC Vive (VR) headset has built-in sensors that allow for position and orientation tracking making it a potentially eﬀective tool for balance assessments. METHODS Participants in this study were asked to stand upright on a force plate (Neurocom platform) while wearing the HTC ViveTM. Position data was collected from the headset and force plate simultaneously as participants experienced a custom-built VR environment that covered their entire field of view. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to examined the test-retest reliability on the postural control variables, including normalized path length (NPL), root-mean-square (RMS), and peak-to-peak (P2P), computed from the VR position output and the center of pressure (COP) data from the force plate. Liner regression were used to investigate the correlation between the VR and force plate measurements. RESULTS Results showed that the test-retest reliability of VR headset was similar to COP in RMS and P2P, ranging from .285 to .636 in VR and .228 to .759. Linear regression between VR and COP measures showed significant correlation in RMS and P2P. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, the VR headset has potential for use in postural control measurements. However, further development of software and testing protocols for balance assessments is needed.

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Test–retest reliability for assessment of postural stability using center of pressure spatial patterns of three-dimensional statokinesigrams in young health participants

Journal of Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.07.010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 2919-2924 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Arthur de Sá Ferreira ◽

Patrícia Junqueira Ferraz Baracat

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Postural Stability ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

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Three-Month Test-Retest Reliability of Center of Pressure Motion During Standing Balance in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

International Journal of MS Care ◽

10.7224/1537-2073.2014-014 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Douglas A. Wajda ◽

Robert W. Motl ◽

Jacob J. Sosnoff

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Standing Balance ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

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Test-Retest Reliability and Practice Effects of the Stability Evaluation Test

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2016-0163 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Richelle M. Williams ◽

Matthew A. Corvo ◽

Kenneth C. Lam ◽

Travis A. Williams ◽

Lesley K. Gilmer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postural Control ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Composite Score ◽

Practice Effects ◽

Stability Evaluation ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Evaluation Test ◽

The Stability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Context: Postural control plays an essential role in concussion evaluation. The Stability Evaluation Test (SET) aims to objectively analyze postural control by measuring sway velocity on the NeuroCom VSR portable force platform (Natus, San Carlos, CA). Objective: To assess the test-retest reliability and practice effects of the SET protocol. Design: Cohort. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: 50 healthy adults (20 men, 30 women, age 25.30 ± 3.60 y, height 166.60± 12.80 cm, mass 68.80 ± 13.90 kg). Interventions: All participants completed 4 trials of the SET. Each trial consisted of six 20-s balance tests with eyes closed, under the following conditions: double-leg firm (DFi), single-leg firm (SFi), tandem firm (TFi), double-leg foam (DFo), single-leg foam (SFo), and tandem foam (TFo). Each trial was separated by a 5-min seated rest period. Main Outcome Measures: The dependent variable was sway velocity (deg/s), with lower values indicating better balance. Sway velocity was recorded for each of the 6 conditions as well as a composite score for each trial. Test-retest reliability was analyzed across 4 trials with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Practice effects analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Tukey post hoc comparisons for any significant main effects (P < .05). Results: Sway-velocity reliability values were good to excellent: DFi (ICC = .88; 95%CI: .81, .92), SFi (ICC = .75; 95%CI: .61, .85), TFi (ICC = .84; 95%CI: .75, .90), DFo (ICC = .83; 95%CI: .74, .90), SFo (ICC = .82; 95%CI: .72, .89), TFo (ICC = .81; 95%CI: .69, .88), and composite score (ICC = .93; 95%CI: .88, .95). Significant practice effects (P < .05) were noted on the SFi, DFo, SFo, TFo conditions and composite scores. Conclusions: Our results suggest the SET has good to excellent reliability for the assessment of postural control in healthy adults. Due to the practice effects noted, a familiarization session is recommended (ie, all 6 conditions) before data are recorded. Future studies should evaluate injured patients to determine meaningful change scores during various injuries.

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Three-Month Test-Retest Reliability of Center of Pressure Motion During Standing Balance in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

International Journal of MS Care ◽

10.7224/1537-2073.2015-014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Douglas A. Wajda ◽

Robert W. Motl ◽

Jacob J. Sosnoff

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Temporal Structure ◽

Standing Balance ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Eyes Closed ◽

Prevention Studies ◽

Eyes Open ◽

Balance Deficits ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background: Balance impairment and an increased rate of falls are commonly reported in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Force platform–generated center of pressure (COP) metrics have previously been recommended as an outcome measure to quantify balance deficits and distinguish between fallers and nonfallers in MS. Information is limited regarding the preservation of postural control in individuals with MS over extended time frames in the absence of an intervention. This report examines the test-retest reliability and magnitude of change of COP motion during standing balance over 3 months. Methods: Twenty individuals with MS and a history of falling underwent testing on two occasions 3 months apart in the absence of an intervention. On both occasions, participants completed two 30-second trials of three conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and eyes open with concurrent cognitive challenge (dual task). Measures of COP area, velocity, and temporal structure were calculated and included in the reliability analysis. Results: The COP metrics displayed fair-to-excellent reliability over 3 months without an intervention. Reliability was maintained across the three commonly used balance conditions. Conclusions: These results offer insight into the reliability of COP measures over a 3-month period in MS and can inform the use of COP metrics for future study design (eg, sample size estimates) and balance outcome assessment during randomized controlled trials and fall-prevention studies in individuals with MS.

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Test–retest reliability of centre of foot pressure measures to assess postural control during unperturbed stance

Medical Engineering & Physics ◽

10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.08.003 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 276-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

Nicolas Pinsault ◽

Nicolas Vuillerme

Keyword(s):

Postural Control ◽

Foot Pressure ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Centre Of Foot Pressure ◽

Test Retest Reliability

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Reliability and Validity of a Mobile Device Application for Use in Sports-Related Concussion Balance Assessment

Current Research Concussion ◽

10.1055/s-0036-1597914 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 04 (01) ◽

pp. e1-e6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mark Burghart ◽

Jordan Craig ◽

Jeff Radel ◽

Jessie Huisinga

Keyword(s):

Mobile Device ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Force Platform ◽

Balance Assessment ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Device Application ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background Balance assessment is necessary when evaluating athletes after a concussion. We investigated a mobile device application (app) for providing valid, reliable, and objective measures of static balance. Objectives The mobile device app would demonstrate similar test–retest reliability to force platform center of pressure (COP) sway variables and that SWAY scores and force platform COP sway variables would demonstrate good correlation coefficients. Methods Twenty-six healthy adults performed balance stances on a force platform while holding a mobile device equipped with SWAY (Sway Medical LLC) to measure postural sway based on acceleration changes detected by the mobile device's accelerometer. Participants completed four series of three 10-second stances (feet together, tandem, and single leg), twice with eyes open and twice with eyes closed. Test–retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Concurrent validity of SWAY scores and COP sway variables were determined with Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Reliability of SWAY scores was comparable to force platform results for the same test condition (ICC = 0.21–0.57). Validity showed moderate associations between SWAY scores and COP sway variables during tandem stance (r = –0.430 to –0.493). Lower SWAY scores, indicating instability, were associated with greater COP sway. Discussion The SWAY app is a valid and reliable tool when measuring balance of healthy individuals in tandem stance. Further study of clinical populations is needed prior to assessment use. Conclusion The SWAY app has potential for objective clinical and sideline evaluations of concussed athletes, although continued evaluation is needed.

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