Molecular phylogeny of Diplostomum, Tylodelphys, Austrodiplostomum and Paralaria (Digenea: Diplostomidae) necessitates systematic changes and reveals a history of evolutionary host switching events

SUMMARYEven the most generalist parasites usually occur in only a subset of potential host species, a tendency which reflects overriding environmental constraints on their distributions in nature. The periodic shifting of these limitations represented by host-switches may have been an important process in the evolution of many host-parasite assemblages. To study such events, however, it must first be established where and when they have occurred. Past host-switches within a group of parasites are usually inferred from a comparison of the parasite phylogeny with that of the hosts. Congruence between the phylogenies is often attributed to a history of association by descent with cospeciation, and incongruence to host-switching or extinction in ‘duplicated’ parasite lineages (which diverged without a corresponding branching of the host tree). The inference of host-switching from incongrucnt patterns is discussed. Difficulties arise because incongruence can frequently be explained by different combinations of biologically distinct events whose relative probabilities are uncertain. Also, the models of host parasite relationships implicit in historical reconstructions may often not allow for plausible sources of incongruence other than host-switching or duplication/extinction, or for the possibility that colonization could, in some circumstances, be disguised by ‘false’ congruence.

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Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the European Maja spider crabs (Decapoda, Majidae)

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 314-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Graciela Sotelo ◽

Paloma Morán ◽

David Posada

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Biogeographic History ◽

History Of

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Molecular phylogeny of African bush-shrikes and allies: Tracing the biogeographic history of an explosive radiation of corvoid birds

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.007 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 93-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jérôme Fuchs ◽

Martin Irestedt ◽

Jon Fjeldså ◽

Arnaud Couloux ◽

Eric Pasquet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Biogeographic History ◽

History Of

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Phylogeny of the Labeoninae (Teleostei, Cypriniformes) based on nuclear DNA sequences and implications on character evolution and biogeography

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/czoolo/58.6.837 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 837-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lanping Zheng ◽

Junxing Yang ◽

Xiaoyong Chen

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Character Evolution ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic Tree ◽

Systematic Exploration ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

History Of

Abstract The Labeoninae is a subfamily of the family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. Oromandibular morphology within the Labeoninae is the greatest among cyprinid fishes. Although several phylogenetic studies about labeonines have been undertaken the results have been inconsistent and a comprehensive phylogeny is needed. Further, an incongruence between morphological and molecular phylogeny requires a systematic exploration of the significance of morphological characters on the basis of the molecular phylogeny. In this study, a total of 292 nucleotide sequences from 73 individuals (representing 24 genera and 73 species) of Labeoninae were analyzed. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicate that there are four major clades within Labeoninae and three monophyletic lineages within the fourth clade. Results of the character evolution show that all oroman-dibular morphological characters are homoplastically distributed on the molecular phylogenetic tree and suggests that these characters evolved several times during the history of labeonines. In particular, the labeonine , a specific disc on the lower lip, has been acquired three times and reversed twice. These morphological characters do not have systematic significance but can be useful for taxonomy. The results of biogeography suggest that the Labeoninae originated from Southeast Asia and separately dispersed to Africa, East Asia and South Asia.

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Host Switching in Lyssavirus History from the Chiroptera to the Carnivora Orders

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.75.17.8096-8104.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (17) ◽

pp. 8096-8104 ◽

Cited By ~ 243

Author(s):

Hassan Badrane ◽

Noël Tordo

Keyword(s):

Average Rate ◽

Relative Rate ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Surface Glycoprotein ◽

Host Switching ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Rates Of Evolution ◽

Tests Of Neutrality ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

History Of

ABSTRACT Lyssaviruses are unsegmented RNA viruses causing rabies. Their vectors belong to the Carnivora and Chiroptera orders. We studied 36 carnivoran and 17 chiropteran lyssaviruses representing the main genotypes and variants. We compared their genes encoding the surface glycoprotein, which is responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion. The glycoprotein is the main protecting antigen and bears virulence determinants. Point mutation is the main force in lyssavirus evolution, as Sawyer's test and phylogenetic analysis showed no evidence of recombination. Tests of neutrality indicated a neutral model of evolution, also supported by globally high ratios of synonymous substitutions (dS ) to nonsynonymous substitutions (dN ) (>7). Relative-rate tests suggested similar rates of evolution for all lyssavirus lineages. Therefore, the absence of recombination and similar evolutionary rates make phylogeny-based conclusions reliable. Phylogenetic reconstruction strongly supported the hypothesis that host switching occurred in the history of lyssaviruses. Indeed, lyssaviruses evolved in chiropters long before the emergence of carnivoran rabies, very likely following spillovers from bats. Using dated isolates, the average rate of evolution was estimated to be roughly 4.3 × 10−4 dS /site/year. Consequently, the emergence of carnivoran rabies from chiropteran lyssaviruses was determined to have occurred 888 to 1,459 years ago. Glycoprotein segments accumulating more dN than dS were distinctly detected in carnivoran and chiropteran lyssaviruses. They may have contributed to the adaptation of the virus to the two distinct mammal orders. In carnivoran lyssaviruses they overlapped the main antigenic sites, II and III, whereas in chiropteran lyssaviruses they were located in regions of unknown functions.

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Biogenesis and Evolution of Photosynthetic (Thylakoid) Membranes

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1023/a:1020251903707 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 355-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Reinhold G. Herrmann

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Thylakoid Membranes ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Photosynthetic Membranes ◽

The Past ◽

Regulatory Circuits ◽

History Of

Work in molecular phylogeny during the past few years has documented that the biogenesis, maintenance, adaptation, and controlled resorption of thylakoid (photosynthetic) membranes are by far more complex than the requirements for maintaining their function, especially in plants (eukaryotic photoautotrophs). Plants, due to their genome compartmentation that originated in a cohabitation of cells (endosymbiotic events), have evolved an exquisite set of regulatory mechanisms for their energy-transducing organelles. These operate in concert with basically ancient regulatory circuits originating in the organelle ancestors. It appears that the biogenesis of thylakoid membranes, as that of chloroplasts in general, cannot be understood without knowledge of the history of the cells.

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