Industrial performance, reusability and mechanical reliability of mesoporous gamma alumina packed bed fabricated through boehmite extrusion for removal of reactive dyes from textile wastewaters

Gamma (γ) alumina is referred to as a defect spinel because it has a tetragonally distorted spinel structure (AB2O4) and an insufficient number of cations to fill all cation sites. In the spinel structure, the oxygen lattice is cubic close packed with A- and B-site cations in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination, respectively. The 2l⅓ Al atoms per unit cell of γ alumina can distribute themselves across 16 octahedral and 8 tetrahedral sites.The literature differs on where the 2⅔ cation vacancies per unit cell are located. Wilson and McConnell proposed that the vacancies in γ alumina, as first formed by calcining boehmite, are predominantly on the tetrahedral lattice but, with further heat treatment, move to occupy random positions on both octahedral and tetrahedral lattices. One study using NMR showed that the vacancies lay exclusively on the tetrahedral lattice, independent of the calcination temperature. A more-recent study using Rietveld refinement of powder neutron diffraction data suggested that both octahedral and tetrahedral lattices were partially occupied.

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Personal attitudes and industrial performance

IEE Review ◽

10.1049/ir:19880052 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

John F. Gamlin

Keyword(s):

Industrial Performance ◽

Personal Attitudes

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Managing total reduced sulfur emissions at a Canadian kraft pulp mill

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj15.4.265 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 265-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ROHAN BANDEKAR ◽

JIM FREDERICK ◽

JAROSLAV STAVIK

Keyword(s):

Direct Contact ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Average Value ◽

Emission Limit ◽

Total Reduced Sulfur ◽

Reduced Sulfur ◽

Air Ingress ◽

Solids Content

This study addresses the challenges a dissolving-grade pulp mill in Canada faced in 2014 in meeting its total reduced sulfur (TRS) gas emission limit. These emissions from the recovery boiler exit are controlled by passing the boiler exit gas through a TRS scrubber system. The mill employs a cyclonic direct contact evaporator to concentrate black liquor to firing solids content. The off-gases from the direct contact evaporator flow to the effluent gas control system that consists of a venturi scrubber, a packed bed scrubber, and a heat recovery unit. Emissions of TRS greater than the regulated limit of 15 ppm were observed for a 4-month period in 2014. The level of emissions measured during this period was significantly higher than about 12 ppm, the expected average value based on historic experience. The problem persisted from mid-June 2014 until the annual mill shutdown in October 2014. The main TRS components detected and the performance of the Teller scrubber in capturing them are examined. Other potential causes for these emissions are identified, including mechanical problems such as broken packing in the TRS packed bed scrubber, broken baffle plates in the scrubber, and cyclone evaporator leaks causing air ingress. Repairs were carried out during the mill shutdown, which eliminated the TRS emissions problem.

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