معاشرتی علوم كے میدان میں جامعات کے پاکستانی نوجوان محققین کےمسائل اور ان کا حل

Pakistan is blessed with more than 60% of the youth population, which can play a constructive role in the progress of the country. But, due to inadequate planning, low education budgets, insufficient number of educational institutes, and governmental negligence, this resource is being wasted. Education, in general, higher education, in particular, are sub-standard. This paper discusses and identifies several issues faced by the young researchers of the universities, especially in the field of social sciences. For the collection of data, two questionnaires were circulated among the Pakistani researchers studying in or graduating from the universities in Pakistan and technologically advanced countries. The responses were then quantified, the results were extracted, and the recommendations in their light are presented.

Blind Image Separation Method Based on Cascade Generative Adversarial Networks

To solve the challenge of single-channel blind image separation (BIS) caused by unknown prior knowledge during the separation process, we propose a BIS method based on cascaded generative adversarial networks (GANs). To ensure that the proposed method can perform well in different scenarios and to address the problem of an insufficient number of training samples, a synthetic network is added to the separation network. This method is composed of two GANs: a U-shaped GAN (UGAN), which is used to learn image synthesis, and a pixel-to-attention GAN (PAGAN), which is used to learn image separation. The two networks jointly complete the task of image separation. UGAN uses the unpaired mixed image and the unmixed image to learn the mixing style, thereby generating an image with the “true” mixing characteristics which addresses the problem of an insufficient number of training samples for the PAGAN. A self-attention mechanism is added to the PAGAN to quickly extract important features from the image data. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves good results on both synthetic image datasets and real remote sensing image datasets. Moreover, it can be used for image separation in different scenarios which lack prior knowledge and training samples.

The Role of Participation in Innovation Contests

Many firms use external contests to obtain solutions to their innovation challenges. A central managerial concern is how to screen the population for only the most capable people when the capability of the population is not known. If the manager sets the bar too high, then the contest could fail, leaving the firm to suffer the consequences. Alternatively, if the bar is set too low, then too many people enter, which leads to increased competition, a lack of effort, and diminished performance, again leaving the firm to suffer the consequences. We study a situation in which the number of solvers in a population is known but the ability of each individual is not. At best, the firm can deduce the probability that any number of solvers would enter and the probability that any solver who enters would possess a specific ability. We derive the optimal contest design to maximize the performance of the best submission while accounting for the possibility that the contest receives an insufficient number of entries, resulting in an unproductive contest. Our results provide an alternative rationale for why many contests offer multiple awards: firms want to avoid an unproductive contest and the negative consequences associated with it. We also consider alternative levers available to the firm when facing uncertain participation. These include the establishment of performance thresholds and the decision to expand the potential solver population. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.

Highly Specific Memory B Cells Generation after the 2nd Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine Compensate for the Decline of Serum Antibodies and Absence of Mucosal IgA

Specific memory B cells and antibodies are a reliable read-out of vaccine efficacy. We analysed these biomarkers after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The second dose significantly increases the level of highly specific memory B cells and antibodies. Two months after the second dose, specific antibody levels decline, but highly specific memory B cells continue to increase, thus predicting a sustained protection from COVID-19. We show that although mucosal IgA is not induced by the vaccination, memory B cells migrate in response to inflammation and secrete IgA at mucosal sites. We show that the first vaccine dose may lead to an insufficient number of highly specific memory B cells and low concentration of serum antibodies, thus leaving vaccinees without the immune robustness needed to ensure viral elimination and herd immunity. We also clarify that the reduction of serum antibodies does not diminish the force and duration of the immune protection induced by vaccination. The vaccine does not induce sterilizing immunity. Infection after vaccination may be caused by the lack of local preventive immunity because of the absence of mucosal IgA.

SOME ISSUES OF SENTENCE EXECUTION IN THE FORM OF FORCED LABOR

В статье рассматривается проблема недостаточного количества рабочих мест для трудоустройства осужденных к наказанию в виде принудительных работ: из-за ограниченного количества вакансий для данных осужденных отдельные территориальные органы испытывают трудности, так как возможность их трудоустройства напрямую связана с местом размещения исправительного центра. С учетом того что рабочих мест, предоставляемых органами местного самоуправления, не всегда достаточно, необходимо взаимодействие органов и учреждений ФСИН России с организациями различной правовой формы. Однако не каждая организация согласится трудоустраивать осужденных, так как возникает обязанность контроля за работающими осужденными. Автором предлагается правовой механизм предоставления льгот по финансовым обязательствам для коммерческих организаций, трудоустраивающих осужденных к принудительным работам. Реализация льгот позволит привлечь к сотрудничеству дополнительное количество коммерческих организаций и будет способствовать квотированию рабочих мест. The article deals with the problem of insufficient number of jobs for the employment of convicts sentenced to forced labor: due to the limited number of vacancies for these convicts, individual territorial bodies are experiencing difficulties, since the possibility of their employment is directly related to the location of the correctional center. Taking into account the fact that the jobs provided by local self-government bodies are not always enough, it is necessary to interact with the bodies and institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia with organizations of various legal forms. However, not every organization will agree to employ convicts, as there is a duty to monitor the working convicts. The author proposes a legal mechanism for providing benefits for financial obligations for commercial organizations that employ convicts to forced labor. The implementation of the benefits will attract an additional number of commercial organizations to cooperate and will contribute to the quota of jobs.

Features of organized educational activities in different age groups in preschool institutions

The need to increase the number of kindergartens is associated with a high birth rate. To solve this problem, the construction of kindergartens in the regions is being intensively carried out. However, the insufficient number of kindergartens leads to the opening of different age groups. This article discusses the features of the organization of educational activities of different age groups in preschool institutions, taking into account the observance of the day in accordance with the age characteristics of children. There are a number of questions on the problem of studying the features of organized educational activities in different age groups in preschool institutions, the author of the article, based on the scientific works of scientists O.E.Smirnova, V.N.Avanesova, L.L.Timofeeva, etc.defines them.

Non-pharmacological pain management practice and barriers among nurses working in Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia

Background Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that actual or potential tissue damage. Different study findings show that about 55% to 78.6% of inpatients experience moderate-to-severe pain. Nurses are one of the health professional who may hear of pain suffered by the patients and who can manage patient suffering by themselves. Therefore, their correct skill is very important in non- pharmacology and pharmacology pain management methods. Objective To assess non-pharmacological pain management practice and barriers among nurses working in Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods Data were collected using structured observational check list with interviewer administered questionnaires that measure nurses’ practice on non-pharmacological pain management. Data were entered using Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS (Stastical Package for Social Sciences) version 23. Bivariable and multivariable analysis were conducted to examine the association between independent and outcome variables. Results A total of 169 nurses participated in the study, with a response rate of 100%. Among the study participants 94 (55.6%) were females, and the mean age of nurses were 34.9(SD = 5.7) years. Only 44(26%) of nurses had good practice on non- pharmacology pain management methods. About 130(77.55%), 125(74.0%), and 123(72.8%) of nurses reported that inadequate cooperation of physicians, multiple responsibilities of nurses and insufficient number of nurses per patient ratio as barriers for practice of non -pharmacology pain management respectively. Conclusion Majority of nurses didn’t apply non-pharmacological pain management practices for their patients in pain and the overall practice level of nurses was very poor. The major identified obstacle factors for the poor practice of non–pharmacological pain management methods were nurses’ fatigue, inadequate cooperation of physicians, heavy workload, multiple responsibilities of nurses, and insufficient number of nurses per patient ratio and unfavorable attitude of nurse on non-pharmacology pain management. Even if nurses experiences different challenges, they shall use non‐pharmacological pain management methods complementary to pharmacological treatment of pain as they are low cost and safe. And also boosting nurse’s attitude towards the effect of non–pharmacological pain management methods is crucial.

Highly-specific memory B cells generation after the 2nd dose of BNT162b2 vaccine compensate for the decline of serum antibodies and absence of mucosal IgA

Specific memory B cells and antibodies are reliable read-out of vaccine efficacy. We analyzed these biomarkers after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The second dose significantly increases the level of highly-specific memory B cells and antibodies. Two months after the second dose, specific antibody levels decline, but highly specific memory B cells continue to increase thus predicting a sustained protection from COVID-19. We show that although mucosal IgA is not induced by the vaccination, memory B cells migrate in response to inflammation and secrete IgA at mucosal sites. We show that first vaccine dose may lead to an insufficient number of highly specific memory B cells and low concentration of serum antibodies thus leaving vaccinees without the immune robustness needed to ensure viral elimination and herd immunity. We also clarify that the reduction of serum antibodies does not diminish the force and duration of the immune protection induced by vaccination. The vaccine does not induce sterile immunity. Infection after vaccination may be caused by the lack of local preventive immunity because of the absence of mucosal IgA.

Chloroplast phylogenomics and divergence times of Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae)

Background Crape myrtles, belonging to the genus Lagerstroemia L., have beautiful paniculate inflorescences and are cultivated as important ornamental tree species for landscaping and gardening. However, the phylogenetic relationships within Lagerstroemia have remained unresolved likely caused by limited sampling and the insufficient number of informative sites used in previous studies. Results In this study, we sequenced 20 Lagerstroemia chloroplast genomes and combined with 15 existing chloroplast genomes from the genus to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times within Lagerstroemia. The phylogenetic results indicated that this genus is a monophyletic group containing four clades. Our dating analysis suggested that Lagerstroemia originated in the late Paleocene (~ 60 Ma) and started to diversify in the middle Miocene. The diversification of most species occurred during the Pleistocene. Four variable loci, trnD-trnY-trnE, rrn16-trnI, ndhF-rpl32-trnL and ycf1, were discovered in the Lagerstroemia chloroplast genomes. Conclusions The chloroplast genome information was successfully utilized for molecular characterization of diverse crape myrtle samples. Our results are valuable for the global genetic diversity assessment, conservation and utilization of Lagerstroemia.

ANALISIS PENYALAHGUNAAN IZIN KEIMIGRASIAN OVERSTAY OLEH WARGA NEGARA ASING DI MAKASSAR

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Sejauhmanakah penegakan hukum atas penyalahgunaan izin keimigrasian Overstay bagi orang asing di kota Makassar dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi proses penegakan hukum penyalahgunaan izin keimigrasian Overstay bagi orang asing di Kota Makassar. Metode pengumpulan Data melalui Metode Penelitian Pustaka (Library Research) dan Metode Penelitian Lapangan (Field Research). Teknis Analisis secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif kemudian disajikan secara deskriptif yaitu menjelaskan, menguraikan dan menggambarkan sesuai dengan permasalahan, Penindakan dilakukan kepada WNA dengan memberikan pengenaan biaya beban atau deportasi.Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I Makassar bekerja sama dengan instansi terkait seperti Kepolisian, beserta jajarannya dan partisipasi masyarakat serta aktifnya penjamin dalam mempertanggung jawabkan keberadaan dan kegiatan Warga Negara Asing (WNA). Faktor Penghambatnya adalah jarak tempuh yang sangat jauh untuk menjangkau seluruh wilayah kerja kantor Imigrasi Kelas I Makassar dan jumlah tim penegak hukum di kantor Imigrasi Kelas I Makassar yang kurang memadai. This study aims to determine the extent of law enforcement for the abuse of Overstay immigration permit for foreigners in the city of Makassar and the factors that influence the law enforcement process of the abuse of Overstay immigration permit for foreigners in Makassar City. Data collection methods are through Library Research and Field Research Methods. Technical analysis is quantitative and qualitative then presented descriptively, such as explaining, elaborating and describing based on the problem. Treatment is given to foreigners by imposing charges or deportation. The supporting factor is Immigration Office Class I Makassar in collaboration with related agencies such as the Police, along with its staff and community participation and the active guarantors in being accountable for the existence and activities of foreigners (WNA). The inhibiting factors are the very long distance to reach the entire working area of Immigration Office Class I Makassar and insufficient number of law enforcement teams at Immigration Office Class I Makassar.