Factors associated with parent and youth athlete concussion knowledge

Factors Associated With Concussion Nondisclosure in Collegiate Student-Athletes

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-0102-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 157-163

Author(s):

Morgan Anderson ◽

Kyle M. Petit ◽

Jessica Wallace ◽

Tracey Covassin ◽

Erica Beidler

Keyword(s):

Student Athletes ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Student Athlete ◽

Education Programs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Concussion History ◽

Concussion Knowledge ◽

Concussion Education

Context Mandated concussion education has aimed to improve student-athlete knowledge; however, some collegiate student-athletes continue to not disclose concussion. Concussion knowledge may not be the only factor influencing reporting, as student-athlete sex, sport, and pressure from external stakeholders (eg, coaches, teammates, fans, parents or family) have all been documented as influencing collegiate concussion-reporting behavior. Objective To examine factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in collegiate student-athletes. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Four National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and two Division II universities. Patients or Other Participants A total of 1125 collegiate student-athletes completed the survey, and 741 provided viable responses and were included for data analysis. Main Outcome Measure(s) We used a 10- to 15-minute electronic or paper-and-pencil survey that asked about personal and sport demographics, diagnosed concussions and nondisclosed concussion history, concussion knowledge, and level of agreement regarding pressure to play after a head impact experienced during collegiate sport participation. Significant univariable factors were entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Sex (P = .005), sport-risk type (P < .001), diagnosed concussion history (P < .001), concussion knowledge (P = .017), and pressure from coaches (P < .001), teammates (P < .001), fans (P = .024), and parents or family (P = .003) were factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in individual univariable logistic regressions. After we conducted multivariable analyses, male sex (P = .001), high concussion-risk sport participation (P = .048), diagnosed concussion history (P < .001), increased concussion knowledge (P = .013), and experiencing pressure from coaches to continue playing after sustaining a hit to the head (P = .002) were factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in collegiate student-athletes. Conclusions Our results suggest that concussion-education programs should go beyond the identification of signs and symptoms to include the dangers of continuing to play, long-term consequences, and transparency about concussion protocols. Comprehensive concussion-education programs should involve coaches and athletes to improve the reporting culture.

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Concussion Education Video Exposure Does Not Significantly Improve Youth Athlete Concussion Knowledge

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000466124.60331.ec ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 636

Author(s):

Johna K. Register-Mihalik ◽

Tamara C. Valovich McLeod ◽

Richelle M. Williams ◽

Laura A. Linnan ◽

Jason P. Mihalik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Youth Athlete ◽

Concussion Knowledge ◽

Concussion Education

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Stain contamination and embedding in electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141986 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 50-53

Author(s):

Hilton H. Mollenhauer

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Information Retrieval ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Image Contrast ◽

Sample Preservation ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Amount Of Information ◽

Electron Microscopical ◽

Contrast Information

Many factors (e.g., resolution of microscope, type of tissue, and preparation of sample) affect electron microscopical images and alter the amount of information that can be retrieved from a specimen. Of interest in this report are those factors associated with the evaluation of epoxy embedded tissues. In this context, informational retrieval is dependant, in part, on the ability to “see” sample detail (e.g., contrast) and, in part, on tue quality of sample preservation. Two aspects of this problem will be discussed: 1) epoxy resins and their effect on image contrast, information retrieval, and sample preservation; and 2) the interaction between some stains commonly used for enhancing contrast and information retrieval.

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